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Klotho as a novel biomarker of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and related executive dysfunction
Mu-Hong Chen1,2, Li-Chi Chen1,2,3, Ju-Wei Hsu1,2
1Department of Psychiatry, https://ror.org/03ymy8z76Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
Background:
Studies have shown that klotho, a neuroprotective protein, plays a crucial role in neurodevelopment. However, its association with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, remains uncertain.
Aims:
To elucidate klotho levels in adolescents with ADHD and to clarify its association with executive function.
Method:
The present study enrolled 92 adolescents (mean approximate age 14 years) diagnosed with ADHD and 80 age-matched healthy adolescents. All participants had their klotho levels measured and underwent the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST); their parents fulfilled the Swanson, Nolan and Pelham IV (SNAP-IV) scale and the Child Behavior Checklist-Dysregulation Profile (CBCL-DP).
Results:
Results from generalised linear models (GLMs), with adjustments for age, gender, body mass index, clinical symptoms (SNAP-IV and CBCL-DP scores) and ADHD medication use, indicated that adolescents with ADHD had significantly lower klotho levels (P = 0.044) and performed worse on WCST (P = 0.027) compared with healthy adolescents. The GLMs further indicated a negative association between klotho levels and the percentage of non-perseverative errors on WCST (P = 0.002).
Conclusions:
Klotho may serve as a novel biomarker of ADHD and play a key role in ADHD-related executive dysfunction.
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