[Risk Factors, Molecular Mechanisms, and Multimodal Early Warning Strategies 
for Immune Checkpoint...

In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), as a revolutionary therapeutic approach in oncology, have demonstrated remarkable clinical efficacy across various malignant tumors. With the widespread clinical application of ICIs, their associated toxicities have emerged as a critical issue that urgently requires resolution in the field of cancer immunotherapy. ICIs-associated pneumonitis (CIP) specifically refers to immune-related adverse events (irAEs) of the lung induced by ICIs therapy, the underlying pathogenesis of which remains incompletely elucidated. As a rare yet severe complication of ICIs treatment, and CIP is characterized by insidious onset, rapid progression, poor prognosis, and high mortality rate, with highly heterogeneous clinical manifestations and radiological features. Due to the lack of specific biomarkers and objective diagnostic indicators, the early identification and diagnosis of CIP present significant clinical challenges. By reviewing previous literature and studies, this paper summarizes recent advances in understanding the clinical manifestations, risk factors, potential molecular mechanisms, biomarkers, and early warning systems of CIP in patients receiving immunotherapy for lung cancer. The aim of this article is to provide a reference for the clinical management of CIP and offer a theoretical basis for establishing an early screening and precision diagnosis and treatment system for this condition.
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