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Measuring and understanding emotional attachment in human-AI relationships
1Department of Industrial Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
Ergonomics
|February 2, 2026
Summary
Researchers developed the AI Attachment Scale (AIAS) to measure emotional bonds with AI chatbots. This scale helps understand how individual differences influence human-AI attachment and user behavior.
Area of Science:
- Human-Computer Interaction
- Psychology
- Artificial Intelligence
Background:
- Users form emotional connections with AI chatbots beyond basic functions.
- A validated multidimensional scale for measuring human-AI attachment was lacking.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and validate the AI Attachment Scale (AIAS).
- To explore the relationship between individual differences, AI attachment, and behavioral outcomes.
Main Methods:
- Two studies were conducted: scale development (Study 1) and validation (Study 2).
- Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used with large participant samples (N=531 and N=375).
- The AIAS measures three dimensions: Emotional Support, Separation Distress, and Secure Base.
Main Results:
- The AIAS was validated as a 15-item multidimensional scale.
- Anthropomorphism was the strongest predictor of AI attachment.
- Attachment anxiety and avoidance significantly predicted AI attachment, which in turn predicted behavioral intentions.
Conclusions:
- The AI Attachment Scale (AIAS) provides a reliable measure for human-AI emotional bonds.
- Findings offer practical insights for designing emotionally resonant AI chatbots.
- Understanding individual differences is key to predicting AI attachment and user behavior.
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