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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. The field's scope is extensive and divided into several specialized disciplines, such as anatomy, physiology, ethology, genetics, and many more. All living things share a few key traits, including cellular organization, heritable genetic material and the ability to adapt/evolve, metabolism to regulate energy needs, the...
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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

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Conceptual Development Informing the Kidney Failure Patient Life Goals Survey.

Claudia Dahlerus1,2, Noelle E Carlozzi2,3, Richard A Hirth2,4

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI.

Kidney Medicine
|February 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new survey, the Discussion of Patient Life Goals (D-PaLS), was developed to assess patient life goals in kidney failure (KF) patients on dialysis. This tool aims to improve shared decision-making in treatment planning for better patient care.

Keywords:
Patient-reported outcomesdialysis treatmentkidney failurepatient life goals

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Patient-Reported Outcomes
  • Qualitative Research

Background:

  • Discussions about patient life goals are often lacking in the care of individuals with kidney failure (KF).
  • Aligning treatment planning with patient life goals is crucial for effective healthcare.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a new survey, the Discussion of Patient Life Goals (D-PaLS) survey.
  • To assess the elicitation of concepts and development of items for the D-PaLS survey.

Main Methods:

  • A three-stage qualitative study involving expert panels, focus groups, and cognitive debriefing interviews.
  • National recruitment of kidney failure patients on maintenance dialysis, nephrologists, and dialysis clinic staff.
  • Qualitative thematic analysis to inform survey item development and revision.

Main Results:

  • Strong consensus for a patient-reported outcome measure to align life goals with treatment.
  • Key themes identified include the gap in life goals discussions and their impact on treatment planning.
  • The final D-PaLS survey consists of 8 items, refined through stakeholder feedback on interpretability and survey burden.

Conclusions:

  • The D-PaLS survey, developed with extensive stakeholder input, can facilitate shared decision-making for kidney failure patients.
  • Ensuring patient-centered content in patient-reported outcome measures is vital for capturing meaningful experiences and outcomes.