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Aggregates Classification01:29

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Aggregate classification is generally based on its size, petrographic characteristics, weight, and source. Size classification ranges from coarse to fine aggregates, defined by the size of the particles. Coarse aggregates are particles that do not pass through ASTM sieve No. 4, and aggregates that pass through the sieve are fine aggregates.
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Factors Affecting Renal Clearance: Renal Impairment01:17

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Renal dysfunction significantly impairs the renal clearance of drugs, leading to potential complications in drug therapy. Renal failure, which can be caused by various factors, poses a significant challenge in the elimination of drugs from the body.
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Bonding and Strength of Aggregate01:12

Bonding and Strength of Aggregate

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The bond between aggregate particles and the cement matrix is significantly influenced by the shape and surface texture of the aggregates. High-strength concretes benefit from a rougher texture, which leads to stronger bonding due to greater adhesion. Angular aggregates with larger surface areas also enhance this bond. The bonding quality, however, is complex to assess as no universally accepted test exists. Good bonding is indicated when a crushed concrete specimen shows some aggregate...
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Specific Gravity of Aggregate01:19

Specific Gravity of Aggregate

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Aggregates typically contain pores, which can be either permeable or impermeable. Considering the pores in the aggregates, the specific gravity of aggregates is defined in three different forms, namely, bulk or gross specific gravity, apparent specific gravity, and absolute specific gravity.
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Bulk Density of Aggregate01:22

Bulk Density of Aggregate

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Bulk density refers to the mass of aggregate particles that would fill a unit volume. The concept of bulk density originates from the inability to pack aggregate particles in a manner that completely eliminates void spaces. Hence, the term bulk refers to the volume that encompasses both the aggregates and the voids. This measurement is crucial when aggregates are batched by volume and is used to convert quantities by mass to volume.
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Toughness and Hardness of Aggregate01:22

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Toughness and hardness are critical properties of aggregate materials used in concrete, particularly on pavement surfaces and industrial flooring subjected to heavy loads. Toughness is defined as the aggregate's resistance to failure by impact and is measured by the aggregate impact value (AIV). For this, the aggregate impact value test is performed, wherein the impact is delivered by a standard hammer, which falls freely under its own weight onto the aggregates. The aggregates fragment in...
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Urbanization and Spatial Aggregation Impair Multifunctionality in Urban Vacant Lots.

Yuki Iwachido1,2, Himari Katsuhara3, Kaho Maehara1

  • 1Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University Yokohama Japan.

Ecology and Evolution
|February 2, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Urban vacant lots can enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functions, but their configuration matters. Dispersed lots in less urbanized areas may boost multifunctionality, yet strategic planning is key for shrinking cities.

Keywords:
bacteriaecosystem functionfungimultiple‐taxaplantsurban shrinkageurbanizationvacant lots

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Area of Science:

  • Urban ecology
  • Ecosystem science
  • Conservation biology

Background:

  • Urban shrinkage is increasing vacant lots, creating opportunities for biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality.
  • Relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality in vacant lots are understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of environmental factors and ecological communities on ecosystem functions and multifunctionality in urban vacant lots.
  • To analyze the direct and indirect effects of urbanization and vacant lot spatial configuration on ecosystem multifunctionality.

Main Methods:

  • Studied 69 vacant lots in Yokohama, Japan, measuring environmental factors, ecosystem functions, and plant/microbial diversity.
  • Employed structural equation modeling and generalized linear mixed models to analyze relationships.
  • Used a multiple-threshold approach to assess trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem functions.

Main Results:

  • Environmental factors were dominant drivers of ecosystem functions, with soil moisture positively influencing functions and multifunctionality.
  • Spatial aggregation of vacant lots negatively impacted functions, mediated by plant richness and fungal composition.
  • Urbanization negatively affected ecosystem functions and multifunctionality, especially at higher multifunctionality thresholds.

Conclusions:

  • Urban vacant lot multifunctionality is shaped by environmental factors and mediated by diverse taxa.
  • Strategic spatial configuration of vacant lots is crucial for balancing biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality in shrinking cities.
  • Urban planning must consider these factors to optimize vacant lot potential in declining urban areas.