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Updated: Feb 4, 2026

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Effect of water quality on ice hardness and skate-to-ice friction in ice rinks

Ryan H S Hutchins1, Jiani Wang1, Stefania Impellizzeri1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biology, Toronto Metropolitan University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, M5B 2K3 Ontario Canada.

Sports Engineering
|February 2, 2026
PubMed

Keywords:
Ice hardnessNon-destructive ice testingSkate-to-Ice Static frictionTotal dissolved solids (TDS)Water treatment

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