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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

1.9K
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
17.8K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

39.0K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
39.0K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.7K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Microfluidic Device for Recreating a Tumor Microenvironment in Vitro
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Shaping immunotherapy through the tumor microenvironment: Translational perspectives.

Vansh Vohra1, Meenakshi Dhanawat2, Rishabh Chalotra3

  • 1M.M College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, Haryana 133207, India.

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The tumor microenvironment (TME) drives cancer progression and immunotherapy resistance. Reprogramming the TME with combination therapies and novel strategies is key to enhancing anti-tumor immunity and developing next-generation cancer treatments.

Keywords:
CAR-TCancer immunotherapyCombination therapiesImmune checkpoint inhibitorsTregTumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex ecosystem that promotes cancer progression and immune evasion.
  • It orchestrates resistance to current immunotherapies, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the immunosuppressive mechanisms within the TME.
  • To synthesize translational strategies for reprogramming the TME beyond single-agent immunotherapies.
  • To highlight emerging frontiers in cancer immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on TME biology and immunotherapy.
  • Analysis of preclinical and clinical data on combination therapies.
  • Appraisal of biomarkers for predicting treatment response.

Main Results:

  • Identified key immune evasion mechanisms including regulatory cells, metabolic competition, and immune checkpoints (e.g., PD-L1).
  • Synthesized strategies like metabolic targeting, stromal disruption, cellular engineering, and combination therapies.
  • Evaluated biomarkers such as tumor mutational burden and T cell infiltration.

Conclusions:

  • Precise modulation of the TME is crucial for achieving durable anti-tumor immunity.
  • Combination therapies and novel approaches like neoantigen vaccines and microbiome modulation hold promise for converting 'cold' tumors to 'hot'.
  • This review provides insights for the next generation of cancer immunotherapies.