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Critical Dynamics in the Association Cortex Predict Higher Intelligence in Typically Developing Children.

Gianina Cristian1,2,3,4,5, Cece C Kooper6,7, Arthur-Ervin Avramiea3,8

  • 1Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6500 HD, The Netherlands k.linkenkaerhansen@vu.nl gianina.cristian@icloud.com.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|February 2, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain dynamics near criticality, measured by functional excitation/inhibition ratio (fE/I), correlate with intelligence in children and adolescents. Higher intelligence is linked to fE/I values closer to the critical point in association cortices.

Keywords:
cognitioncriticalityelectroencephalographyexcitation–inhibition balanceintelligenceneurodevelopment

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Developmental Neuroscience

Background:

  • Neuronal network models suggest critical dynamics optimize information processing.
  • Disruptions in brain criticality, linked to excitation/inhibition (E/I) imbalances, are implicated in neuropathology.
  • Empirical evidence linking critical brain dynamics to cognition in developing humans is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the relationship between critical brain dynamics and intelligence in healthy children and adolescents.
  • Examine how functional excitation/inhibition ratio (fE/I) and 1/f aperiodic exponent relate to IQ across different brain networks.
  • Explore age-dependent effects on these relationships.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded eyes-open resting electroencephalography (EEG) in 128 children (6-19 years).
  • Quantified near-critical brain dynamics using alpha band fE/I and the 1/f aperiodic exponent of the power spectrum.
  • Modeled intelligence (IQ) in relation to fE/I and 1/f exponent across seven Yeo functional brain networks.

Main Results:

  • Significant correlations between fE/I, 1/f exponent, and IQ were found in higher-order association cortices, not sensorimotor cortices.
  • High-IQ children exhibited fE/I ratios closer to the theoretical critical value of 1 in association cortices.
  • The association-sensorimotor network hierarchy moderated the relationship between 1/f exponent and IQ, with effects decreasing across the hierarchy.
  • Age and network rank moderated the fE/I-IQ association, with the gradient most apparent in adolescents.

Conclusions:

  • Individual variations in criticality-sensitive biomarkers within association networks are associated with IQ differences in an age-dependent manner.
  • Developmental modulation of critical dynamics across the cortical hierarchy may support efficient cognitive processing.
  • Findings align with computational models linking brain criticality to optimal functioning and may inform understanding of brain disorders.