A Systematic Framework for Evaluating Cervical Cancer Screening Programs: Innovative Approaches and Best Practices

Cervical cancer is a major public health issue, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where 90% of cases and deaths occur. This study proposes a comprehensive framework for evaluating cervical cancer screening programs, addressing gaps in existing models that overlook critical components, such as follow-up and treatment. Using a forward logic approach, the framework outlines inputs, processes, outputs, and outcomes across four components: behavior change communication, screening, confirmation and diagnosis, and treatment. The methodology includes reviewing national guidelines, defining key inputs, activities, and developing indicators to assess each screening stage. Key challenges identified include low screening coverage, inconsistent referrals, and high attrition rates. The logic model provides a structured approach for evaluating program performance, facilitating data collection, analysis, and timely interventions. The results highlight the need for comprehensive evaluation frameworks to enhance cervical cancer control efforts and achieve the WHO's elimination targets by 2030. Further validation in diverse settings is recommended.