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Climate change and the immune system
Ger T Rijkers1, Zhibek Timraliyeva1, Emma Mackie1
1Department of Health, Cognition, and Behavior, University College Roosevelt, Middelburg, The Netherlands.
Expert Review of Clinical Immunology
|February 2, 2026
Summary
Global warming impacts human health, affecting the immune system and spreading infectious diseases. Adapting to climate change is crucial for mitigating immune-mediated diseases and public health.
Area of Science:
- Environmental health
- Immunology
- Climate science
Background:
- Climate change and global warming pose significant threats to human health.
- These changes impact the immune system, influencing disease patterns and severity.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the effects of climate change on human health, focusing on the immune system.
- To explore the links between climate change, infectious diseases, allergies, and cardiovascular conditions.
Main Methods:
- Literature search conducted on PubMed and Google Scholar up to July 21, 2025.
- Focused on studies examining climate change impacts on vector-borne diseases, pollen, dust storms, and immune responses.
Main Results:
- Climate change facilitates the spread of tropical diseases into temperate zones.
- Extended pollen seasons and increased dust storms exacerbate respiratory and allergic conditions.
- Climate change is linked to increased risks of acute cardiac events and cardiovascular complications.
Conclusions:
- Urgent adaptation of vaccination schedules is needed for emerging infectious diseases.
- Further research into the mechanisms of climate-associated immune effects is essential.
- Interventions are necessary to mitigate immune-mediated diseases driven by climate change.
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