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Related Concept Videos

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Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
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Patterning Bioactive Proteins or Peptides on Hydrogel Using Photochemistry for Biological Applications
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Protein nano-bioactives against microgravity-induced endothelial dysfunction.

Anisha Kabir1, Mukilarasi B1, Anagha Manohar1

  • 1Department of Applied Mechanics and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Astronauts face vascular dysfunction in space due to microgravity. A novel zein nanocage therapeutic (ZNT) formulation effectively combats oxidative stress and protects cardiovascular health in simulated space conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Space medicine
  • Nanotechnology
  • Cardiovascular research

Background:

  • Prolonged space missions induce microgravity and cosmic radiation exposure, causing astronaut vascular dysfunction via oxidative stress and cardiac deconditioning.
  • Current therapies for spaceflight-induced issues are limited by side effects and lack efficacy against oxidative and endothelial damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a multifunctional zein nanocage-based therapeutic formulation (ZNT) for mitigating oxidative stress and protecting cardiovascular health under simulated microgravity.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro studies on endothelial cells exposed to simulated microgravity to assess oxidative stress markers, mitochondrial function, DNA damage, apoptosis, and angiogenic gene expression.
  • In vivo validation using zebrafish larvae and chick embryo models to confirm the therapeutic effects of ZNT.
  • Formulation of ZNT encapsulating a remedial cocktail targeting oxidative stress and endothelial protection.

Main Results:

  • Microgravity induced significant reactive oxygen species generation, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage, and apoptosis in endothelial cells.
  • ZNT treatment effectively restored redox balance, preserved mitochondrial integrity, prevented DNA damage and apoptosis, and normalized the expression of key angiogenic genes (VEGFA, HIF-1α, eNOS, iNOS, FGF-2, ANG1).
  • Protective effects of ZNT were confirmed in vivo, demonstrating its efficacy in complex biological systems.

Conclusions:

  • The multifunctional zein nanocage-based therapeutic formulation (ZNT) shows significant promise in counteracting microgravity-induced cardiovascular damage.
  • ZNT addresses both oxidative stress and pathological angiogenesis, offering a novel nanotherapeutic strategy for astronaut healthcare.
  • This formulation could fill a critical gap in protecting astronaut cardiovascular function during and after spaceflight.