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NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Solution Blow Spinning of Polymeric Nano-Composite Fibers for Personal Protective Equipment

Solution Blow Spinning of Polymeric Nano-Composite Fibers for Personal Protective Equipment

Published on: March 18, 2021

Unveiling Spin Transition at Single-Particle Level in Levitating Spin Crossover Nanoparticles.

Elena Pinilla-Cienfuegos¹, Lucas Mascaró-Burguera¹, Ramón Torres-Cavanillas²

¹Nanophotonics Technology Center, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia E46022, Spain.

|February 3, 2026

Summary

Researchers achieved precise control over nanoscale materials by trapping levitating molecular nanoparticles. This breakthrough enables light-driven manipulation of spin transitions for advanced nanophotonic devices.

Keywords:

laser-induced spin transition molecular materials multispectral scattering microscopy quadrupole trap single-nanoparticle sensing single-particle photonics spin crossover

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Last Updated: Feb 4, 2026

Solution Blow Spinning of Polymeric Nano-Composite Fibers for Personal Protective Equipment

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Published on: September 7, 2009

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Physics

Background:

Controlling nanoscale phase transitions is crucial for developing low-power reconfigurable nanophotonic devices.
Molecular nanoparticles (NPs) with spin crossover (SCO) properties offer potential for such applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a platform for contact-free manipulation and monitoring of spin transitions in individual SCO NPs.
To demonstrate light-driven and pressure-induced control over SCO phenomena in levitating NPs.

Main Methods:

Coupling a quadrupole Paul trap with a multispectral polarization-resolved scattering microscope to confine and optically excite SCO NPs.
Utilizing a pressure-tunable environment to study spin transitions without substrate interference.

Main Results:

Demonstrated light-driven manipulation of spin transitions in levitating Fe(II)-triazole NPs using laser heating.
Quantified reversible optovolumetric changes up to 10% with precise switching thresholds at the single-particle level.
Confirmed mechanical control over the spin transition via independent pressure modulation.

Conclusions:

Achieved real-time control and readout of spin states in levitating SCO NPs.
Operating conditions are compatible with ultralow-power optical switching, data storage, and nanoscale sensing applications.