Waste-to-feed bioconversion using Hermetia illucens Larvae: Current insights and prospects

The rapid growth of the global population, urbanization, and intensive livestock production has led to a surge in organic waste generation and an increasing demand for sustainable feed sources. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens, BSF) larvae have emerged as a promising solution for converting organic waste into valuable biomass. These larvae efficiently degrade a variety of substrates-such as food waste, agricultural by-products, and animal manure-transforming them into protein- and fat-rich biomass suitable for animal feed, biofertilizers, and other applications. This review summarizes recent developments in the use of BSF larvae for waste-to-feed bioconversion. It explores larval growth performance, feed substrate characteristics, biomass nutritional composition, processing advancements, and safety considerations. BSF larvae consistently demonstrate high conversion rates and generate biomass rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, making them ideal feed ingredients for poultry, pigs, aquaculture species, and pets. Research has advanced in optimizing rearing conditions and postprocessing methods to improve efficiency and product quality. Nonetheless, substrate standardization, microbial risk control, cost reduction, and the development of scalable systems for industrial adoption remain challenges. The review also addresses regulatory frameworks and social acceptance issues that influence BSF-based product commercialization. Hermetia illucens larvae offer an environmentally sound and innovative approach to organic waste management while contributing to sustainable protein production. Their successful integration into Circular Economy Models depends on further technological improvements, supportive policies, and stakeholder collaboration. With continued efforts from researchers, industry, and regulators, BSF bioconversion can revolutionize waste treatment and animal nutrition, thereby supporting a more resilient and resource-efficient food system.