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Updated: Feb 5, 2026
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Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
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Association Between Maternal Bladder Descent Angle and Urinary Incontinence in Late Pregnancy: A Transperineal
Ryoko Minami1, Yumiko Tateoka2, Akihiro Kawauchi3
1Doctoral Program (Nursing Science), Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
|February 3, 2026
Summary
Transperineal ultrasonography revealed increased bladder descent angle (BDA) in late pregnancy, a key indicator of urinary incontinence (UI). The BDA is a practical marker for evaluating UI during pregnancy.
Area of Science:
- Obstetrics and Gynecology
- Urology
- Medical Imaging
Background:
- Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common issue during pregnancy.
- Fetal head descent can cause bladder morphological changes.
- A non-invasive method to assess UI risk is needed.
Purpose of the Study:
- To quantitatively assess bladder changes during late pregnancy using transperineal ultrasonography (US).
- To investigate the association between bladder descent angle (BDA) and pregnancy-related urinary incontinence (UI).
- To introduce a novel imaging-based approach for evaluating urinary dysfunction in pregnancy.
Main Methods:
- 14 pregnant women beyond 36 weeks gestation were evaluated.
- Participants completed validated UI questionnaires.
- Transperineal US measured the bladder descent angle (BDA), defined as the angle between the bladder base and the inferior pubic symphysis.
Main Results:
- 57.1% of participants reported UI, with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) most common (62.5%).
- Ultrasonography showed an increased BDA in late pregnancy.
- The SUI group had a significantly greater BDA than the no-UI group (p=0.03).
Conclusions:
- The bladder descent angle (BDA) measured by transperineal US is a practical and simple marker.
- BDA can be used for evaluating UI in pregnant individuals.
- This imaging-based approach aids in assessing pregnancy-related urinary dysfunction.
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