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Related Concept Videos

Hospitals-II00:59

Hospitals-II

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Hospitals provide inpatient and outpatient services. Inpatient services provide care to patients that stay in the hospital for an extended period, ranging from days to months. Examples of inpatient services include intensive care units, hospital wards, or surgeries. Outpatient services provide care to patients who come to a hospital for a diagnostic or treatment but do not stay overnight —for example, diagnostic tests, surgical procedures, or health education.
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Hospitals-I01:28

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Hospitals offer medical and surgical care to the sick and injured, along with accommodation while they recover. At the same time, they also provide outpatient, emergency, psychiatric, and rehabilitation services to meet various community needs. In addition to providing medical care, hospitals also act as hubs for medical research and training. Hospitals use clinical procedures and evidence-based practice standards to deliver patient care. To deliver safe and efficient care, a nurse must stay up...
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Oxidation of Alcohols02:37

Oxidation of Alcohols

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In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:
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Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

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Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
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Protection of Alcohols02:31

Protection of Alcohols

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This lesson delves into the concept of protection and deprotection of a functional group fundamental to synthetic organic chemistry. These phenomena are explained in the context of aliphatic and aromatic alcohols.
Protection
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Preparation of Alcohols via Substitution Reactions01:38

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Alcohols can be synthesized from alkyl halides via nucleophilic substitution reactions. The highly polar carbon-halogen bond in the substrate makes halide a good leaving group.  The hydroxide ion or water can act as a nucleophile to take the place of halide and form an alcohol. The substitution reactions occur via two different reaction pathways, SN1 or SN2,  depending on the nature of carbon attached to the halide.
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Updated: Feb 5, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Alcohol-Related Hospitalizations From 2016 to 2022.

Eden Y Bernstein1, Linnea M Wilson2, Gina R Kruse3

  • 1Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora.

JAMA Network Open
|February 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alcohol-related hospitalizations remained stable from 2016 to 2022, but mortality, length of stay, and costs increased significantly. Public health interventions are crucial to curb alcohol consumption and manage alcohol use disorder (AUD) to prevent hospitalizations.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Unhealthy alcohol use is a major cause of mortality.
  • Alcohol use and related harms increased during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Recent trends in alcohol-related hospitalizations in the US were previously unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine US trends in the rate and outcomes of alcohol-related hospitalizations between 2016 and 2022.
  • To analyze changes in mortality, length of stay, and costs associated with these hospitalizations.

Main Methods:

  • A serial cross-sectional study using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database.
  • Inclusion of adults aged 18 and older, weighted for national representativeness.
  • Categorization of hospitalizations by primary alcohol use disorder (AUD), primary alcohol-related medical complication, and secondary alcohol-related diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • The overall rate of alcohol-related hospitalizations remained stable from 2016 to 2022.
  • Hospitalizations for alcohol-related medical complications significantly increased.
  • In-hospital mortality, length of stay, and hospitalization costs all rose significantly during the study period.
  • Trends varied across demographic groups.

Conclusions:

  • Despite stable overall hospitalization rates, increasing mortality, length of stay, and costs indicate a worsening severity of alcohol-related conditions.
  • Preventive strategies targeting population-level alcohol consumption and AUD treatment are essential.
  • Interventions are needed to reduce healthcare spending and improve patient outcomes.