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Quantum-Scale Friction at Solid-Liquid Interface: Simulation, Detection Techniques, Mechanisms, and Emerging

Yishu Han1, Rui Zhang2, Dameng Liu3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Tribology in Advanced Equipment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.

Nano-Micro Letters
|February 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Quantum-scale excitations significantly influence solid-liquid friction at the nanoscale. Understanding this quantum friction, involving electrons and phonons, is key to developing advanced technologies like super-lubrication.

Keywords:
Interfacial drag reductionNanofluidic systemQuantum-scale frictionSolid–liquid interface

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Area of Science:

  • Interfacial Science
  • Quantum Mechanics
  • Micro/Nanofluidics

Background:

  • Solid-liquid interfacial friction is critical in engineering but poorly understood at the nanoscale.
  • Conventional tribology overlooks quantum effects like electron and phonon excitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current theories and experiments on quantum-scale solid-liquid friction.
  • To propose integrated simulation-experiment approaches for deeper understanding.

Main Methods:

  • In situ detection techniques like terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and non-contact atomic force microscopy.
  • Analysis of energy and momentum transfer via quantum excitations.

Main Results:

  • Quantum-scale friction arises from energy/momentum transfer due to charge density fluctuations, electrons, or phonons.
  • Current detection methods have limitations in simultaneous multi-quantity probing at high resolutions.

Conclusions:

  • Addressing theoretical and detection gaps is crucial for harnessing quantum friction.
  • Quantum friction research promises breakthroughs in nanofluidics, energy storage, drug delivery, and super-lubrication.