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Maternal Diabetes and Risk of Epilepsy in Offspring.

Bénédicte Driollet1, Asma M Ahmed2, Jennifer A Hutcheon3

  • 1Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University, Quebec, Canada.

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|February 3, 2026
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Maternal diabetes, including type 1, type 2, and gestational, is linked to a higher risk of epilepsy in children. Prenatal exposures may play a role in this increased risk.

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Area of Science:

  • Perinatal health
  • Neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Limited and inconsistent evidence exists on maternal diabetes and offspring neurodevelopmental disorders, especially epilepsy.
  • Previous studies often failed to differentiate between diabetes subtypes (T1DM, T2DM, GDM), which have unique causes.
  • This research investigates the specific associations between maternal diabetes subtypes and childhood epilepsy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the association between maternal type 1 diabetes (T1DM), type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and the risk of epilepsy in offspring.
  • To differentiate the epilepsy risk associated with each diabetes subtype.
  • To explore the impact of maternal diabetes on neurodevelopmental outcomes in children.

Main Methods:

  • A retrospective birth cohort study in Ontario, Canada, included live births between 2002 and 2018.
  • Maternal and child health records were linked to identify diabetes exposure and epilepsy diagnoses up to March 2020.
  • Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for epilepsy, with quantitative bias analyses to assess robustness.

Main Results:

  • The study analyzed over 2.1 million children, with 7.6% exposed to maternal diabetes (T1DM, T2DM, or GDM).
  • Maternal diabetes exposure was associated with an increased risk of epilepsy across all subtypes: T2DM (aHR 1.40), T1DM (aHR 1.32), and GDM (aHR 1.14).
  • A longer duration of maternal T1DM or T2DM correlated with a higher epilepsy risk, findings consistent across bias analyses.

Conclusions:

  • Maternal diabetes, particularly T1DM and T2DM, is significantly associated with an elevated risk of epilepsy in offspring.
  • While longer disease duration showed a trend, it did not significantly amplify the epilepsy risk.
  • Prenatal metabolic and inflammatory factors stemming from maternal diabetes may be implicated in the pathogenesis of childhood epilepsy.