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Related Concept Videos

Pain01:20

Pain

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Pain serves as a critical warning signal that alerts the body to potential or actual harm. When mechanical pressure on the skin is intense, such as from a sharp pinch, the sensation transitions from touch to pain. Similarly, extreme temperatures, like a hot pot handle, convert the sensation of heat into pain. Pain can also result from overstimulation of other senses, such as blinding light, loud noise, or the intense heat from habañero peppers. This ability to sense pain is essential for...
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Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
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Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
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Purposive Learning01:22

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E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a...
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Observational Learning01:12

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Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
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Human pain transcriptomics: lessons learned so far.

Bradford Hall1, Lauren Cook1, Sijung Yun2

  • 1Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Pain Reports
|February 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic pain affects many adults, necessitating a deeper understanding of human pain pathways. Transcriptomic studies of dorsal root ganglia reveal insights but highlight the need for multiomics research to find new pain treatments.

Keywords:
Chronic painDiabetic neuropathyDorsal root gangliaMultiomicsRheumatoid arthritisTranscriptomic

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genomics
  • Pain Research

Background:

  • Chronic pain is a significant public health issue, exceeding the prevalence of diabetes, depression, and hypertension in US adults.
  • Existing animal models have limitations in translating findings to human therapeutics, creating an urgent need for human-based pain research.
  • Understanding human nociceptive pathways is crucial for developing effective analgesics and improving therapeutic translation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically study human nociceptive pathways using integrated molecular, cellular, and systems-level data.
  • To identify clinically relevant targets for pain therapeutics by analyzing human chronic pain pathophysiology.
  • To leverage advances in next-generation sequencing and patient-derived tissues for pain research.

Main Methods:

  • Examining transcriptomic changes in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of individuals with chronic pain.
  • Analyzing data from next-generation sequencing technologies.
  • Integrating molecular, cellular, and systems-level data for a comprehensive study of nociceptive pathways.

Main Results:

  • Initial transcriptomic studies of DRG have investigated conditions like radicular/neuropathic pain, diabetic neuropathy, and rheumatoid arthritis.
  • These studies have begun to reveal transcriptomic alterations associated with chronic pain states.
  • Findings underscore the necessity for multiomics approaches to fully elucidate human nociceptive processes.

Conclusions:

  • Transcriptomic analysis of human DRG provides valuable insights into chronic pain mechanisms.
  • Further multiomics-driven research is essential for a complete understanding and effective targeting of human nociceptive processes.
  • This approach is critical for advancing translational success in pain therapeutics.