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Users' Trust Evolvement in Fully Driverless Robotaxis During First Ride: An On-Road Study.

Zhenyu Wang1, Weiyin Xie1,2, Haolong Hu1

  • 1The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), China.

Human Factors
|February 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Trust in driverless robotaxis grows with real-world experience. User characteristics, driving style, safety, comfort, and interface design significantly shape this trust during a first ride.

Area of Science:

  • Human-computer interaction
  • Transportation engineering
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Driverless robotaxis are emerging, offering significant economic and social benefits.
  • Public acceptance hinges on user trust, which previous studies may have biased.
  • Understanding trust dynamics in real-world autonomous vehicle use is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how user trust evolves during initial rides in fully driverless robotaxis.
  • To identify factors influencing trust, including user traits, system design, and traffic conditions.
  • To address limitations of prior trust research in autonomous systems.

Main Methods:

  • An on-road experiment involving 30 participants with no prior fully driverless robotaxi experience.
Keywords:
first-time uselevel 4 autonomous vehiclestrust in automation

Related Experiment Videos

  • Data collection included dynamic trust measurements every 2 minutes and think-aloud protocols.
  • Statistical analysis using a cumulative link mixed model assessed trust development.

    • Main Results:

    • Dynamic trust gradually increased and stabilized throughout the robotaxi ride.
    • User heterogeneity, driving style, safety, comfort, and interface design were key factors influencing trust.
    • Past driving experience and demographics moderated the trust-building process.

    Conclusions:

    • Trust in driverless robotaxis develops progressively through real-world exposure.
    • User characteristics, vehicle control, and interface design are critical determinants of trust.
    • Considering user heterogeneity is vital for promoting robotaxi acceptance.