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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

29.9K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Magnetically Switchable Ferroelastic Phase Transition in Two-Dimensional Multiferroics.

Xu Wang1, Yangyang Feng1, Kaiying Dou1

  • 1School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|February 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered magnetically switchable ferroelasticity in 2D antiferromagnetic multiferroics. This breakthrough links magnetization changes to ferroelastic polarization switching, paving the way for novel device applications.

Keywords:
2D materialsfirst‐principles calculationsmagnetically switchable ferroelasticitymultiferroicsspin‐lattice coupling

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Multiferroics research

Background:

  • Multiferroic coupling is crucial for fundamental science and devices.
  • Magnetoelectric effects are well-studied, but controlling ferroelastic coupling remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report and investigate magnetically switchable ferroelasticity.
  • To explore the underlying physics of spin-lattice coupling in 2D multiferroics.
  • To demonstrate magnetic control over ferroelastic order.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical investigation of spin-lattice coupling.
  • First-principles calculations.
  • Analysis of 2D antiferromagnetic multiferroic lattices.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated magnetically switchable ferroelasticity in a 2D antiferromagnetic multiferroic lattice.
  • Identified spin-lattice coupling via zigzag antiferromagnetic exchange as the key mechanism.
  • Observed robust magnetic control of ferroelastic polarization through 120° ferroelasticity.
  • Validated the effect in multiferroic monolayer FePS3.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals a novel pathway for magnetically controlling ferroelastic order.
  • Findings open new avenues for designing multiferroic materials with tunable properties.
  • This work advances the understanding of multiferroic coupling beyond magnetoelectric effects.