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The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
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Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

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Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
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Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
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Chirality at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur02:30

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Chirality is most prevalent in carbon-based tetrahedral compounds, but this important facet of molecular symmetry extends to sp3-hybridized nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur centers, including trivalent molecules with lone pairs. Here, the lone pair behaves as a functional group in addition to the other three substituents to form an analogous tetrahedral center that can be chiral.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 6, 2026

Analysis of N-glycans from Raphanus sativus Cultivars Using PNGase H+
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Optimizing radish (Raphanus sativus L.) production through alternative nitrogen sources.

V A Targino1, T J Dias1, V F O Sousa2

  • 1Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, PB, Brasil.

Brazilian Journal of Biology = Revista Brasleira De Biologia
|February 4, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Nitrogen fertilization significantly impacts radish growth. Urea at 15 kg/ha is the most effective for enhancing radish yield and development, optimizing nutrient use and reducing environmental impact.

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Area of Science:

  • Agronomy
  • Plant Physiology
  • Soil Science

Background:

  • Radish (Raphanus sativus) is a nutrient-rich tuberous vegetable suitable for crop rotation.
  • Optimizing nitrogen (N) fertilization is crucial for radish development, minimizing leaching losses, environmental damage, and production costs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effects of different nitrogen (N) sources and doses on radish growth and physiology.
  • To determine the optimal N fertilization strategy for maximizing radish yield and quality.

Main Methods:

  • A greenhouse experiment utilized a randomized block design with a 2x5 factorial arrangement.
  • Treatments included two N sources (urea and ammonium sulfate) and five doses (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 kg N/ha).
  • Evaluated parameters included plant height, biomass, leaf area, gas exchange, chlorophyll content, and fluorescence.

Main Results:

  • Nitrogen sources and doses positively influenced radish growth.
  • Urea application showed greater efficiency in promoting plant growth and chlorophyll indices (chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll).
  • Fertilization with 15 kg N/ha of urea yielded the most significant increase in radish growth and production.

Conclusions:

  • Urea is a more effective nitrogen source for radish cultivation compared to ammonium sulfate.
  • An application rate of 15 kg N/ha of urea is recommended for optimal radish growth and yield.
  • Strategic nitrogen fertilization can enhance radish productivity while mitigating environmental risks.