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Related Concept Videos

Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

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Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
951
Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

577
The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
577
Hydraulic Jump: Problem Solving01:16

Hydraulic Jump: Problem Solving

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To analyze a hydraulic jump in a rectangular channel with a flow speed of 6 meters per second, follow these steps:Calculate Effective Upstream Velocity:When the downstream gate closes, a hydraulic jump forms, traveling upstream at 2 meters per second. This wave speed combines with the initial channel flow velocity, creating an effective upstream velocity.Identify Flow Velocities Before and After the Hydraulic Jump:Upstream of the hydraulic jump, the effective flow velocity includes both the...
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Hydraulic Jump01:29

Hydraulic Jump

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A hydraulic jump is a sudden rise in fluid depth in open channels, occurring when high-velocity (supercritical) flow transitions to low-velocity (subcritical) flow. This phenomenon requires an upstream Froude number greater than 1, as flows with Fr1<1 remain subcritical, making a hydraulic jump impossible due to the need for negative head loss, which violates thermodynamic principles.The characteristics of a hydraulic jump depend on the upstream Froude number and are classified as...
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Portland Cement01:21

Portland Cement

691
Portland cement is the essential binding ingredient in concrete, made from finely ground materials including lime, iron, silica, and alumina. Lime is derived primarily from limestone, marble, marl, seashells, and clays, which also supply iron and alumina, while silica is sourced from sand, chalk, and bauxite. Contemporary manufacturing of Portland cement is a significant source of carbon dioxide emissions, prompting research into reducing its content in concrete through alternative...
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Fineness of Cement01:15

Fineness of Cement

522
The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
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Guided Endodontics: Three-Dimensional Planning and Template-Aided Preparation of Endodontic Access Cavities
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Interactive study blocks for hydraulic cement research in endodontics.

Daniel Heward1, Diana Abduallah2, Josette Camilleri2

  • 1SMaRT Research Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom.

Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
|February 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a hydroxyapatite tooth replica using slip casting to overcome limitations of using natural teeth in endodontic research. This promising method requires further study for hydraulic cement testing.

Keywords:
Hydraulic cementsHydroxyapatitePorous matrixRice starchSlip-castingTooth replica

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Dental Materials Science
  • Materials Engineering

Background:

  • Endodontic therapy utilizes hydraulic cements that interact with the oral environment.
  • In vitro studies traditionally use extracted human teeth, posing ethical and supply challenges.
  • A need exists for artificial tooth replicas mimicking natural dentine's microstructure, morphology, and mineral content.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a hydroxyapatite-based tooth replica using slip casting.
  • To evaluate the microstructure and hardness of the replica compared to natural dentine.
  • To assess the potential of this replica as a substitute for natural teeth in endodontic research.

Main Methods:

  • Slip casting technique employed using hydroxyapatite, porogen, binding, and dispersing agents.
  • Micro-computed tomography (μ-CT) used for 3D root canal anatomy modeling.
  • Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Vickers microhardness testing performed on replica samples.

Main Results:

  • Tested compositions exhibited pore diameters comparable to coronal and middle thirds of natural teeth.
  • Pore density remained consistent across varying material ratios.
  • All replica compositions showed higher microhardness values than natural dentine.

Conclusions:

  • The slip casting method for manufacturing hydroxyapatite tooth replicas is a viable approach.
  • Further research is necessary to validate the suitability of these replicas for testing hydraulic cements in endodontics.