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Related Concept Videos

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
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Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

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Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
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Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart...
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The Cardiac Cycle01:13

The Cardiac Cycle

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The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
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Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and...
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Cardiac Cycle01:29

Cardiac Cycle

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The cardiac cycle refers to the sequence of events that occur in the heart from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next. It's characterized by alternating periods of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the heart muscles.
During the cardiac cycle, blood flow through the heart is regulated entirely by changing pressure gradients. This sequence of events begins with the heart in a state of total relaxation, known as mid-to-late diastole, during which blood passively flows from...
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Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

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Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
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Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

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The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
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MoCo + ROVir: Synergy Between Respiratory Motion Compensation and Cardiac Receive Region Focusing for Cardiac MRI.

Zheyuan Hu1,2, Hsu-Lei Lee3, Tianle Cao1,2

  • 1Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|February 5, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Combining respiratory motion compensation (MoCo) and cardiac RF focusing (ROVir) significantly improves cardiac imaging in pediatric patients. This synergistic approach enhances cardiac motion representation and reduces artifacts, enabling faster scan times.

Keywords:
cardiac MRIcongenital heart diseaselow‐rank tensormultichannel MRIpediatric MRIsignal suppression

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Cardiovascular Imaging
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Cardiac imaging in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) is challenged by motion artifacts.
  • Accurate representation of cardiac and respiratory motion is crucial for diagnostic quality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance cardiac motion representation and reduce artifacts in cardiac- and respiratory-resolved imaging.
  • To synergistically combine retrospective cardiac phased array RF focusing and rigid respiratory motion compensation (MoCo).

Main Methods:

  • Incorporated cardiac receive focusing (ROVir) and MoCo into cardiac- and respiratory-resolved low-rank tensor (LRT) reconstruction.
  • Compared LRT, MoCo-LRT, ROVir-LRT, and MoCo+ROVir-LRT reconstructions in 24 pediatric CHD patients.
  • Evaluated metrics including motion energy proportion, temporal basis priority, flickering energy, and edge sharpness.

Main Results:

  • MoCo+ROVir significantly increased cardiac-to-respiratory motion energy proportion and prioritized cardiac motion (p<0.001).
  • Reduced flickering energy (p<0.001) and sharpened the liver-lung interface (p<0.001).
  • Achieved 3.7-5.2x faster reconstruction times compared to LRT-only.

Conclusions:

  • The synergy of MoCo+ROVir successfully prioritized cardiac motion, suppressed respiratory motion, and reduced flickering artifacts.
  • This combination accelerates reconstruction times, offering potential for free-breathing cardiac scans in pediatric CHD patients.