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Related Concept Videos

Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

138.0K
One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Secondary Active Transport01:32

Secondary Active Transport

9.7K
One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Primary Active Transport01:29

Primary Active Transport

14.4K
In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
14.4K
Active Transport01:14

Active Transport

2.2K
Active transport is a critical biological process that allows cells to move solutes against an electrochemical gradient. This process requires direct energy input and is characterized by its selectivity, saturability, and susceptibility to competitive inhibition.
Primary active transporters, like Na+, K+ and -ATPase, directly utilize ATP to move ions across the membrane. These transporters play significant roles in various physiological processes. For instance, Na+, K+ and -ATPase maintain...
2.2K
Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

17.7K
Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
17.7K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Hydrogel Nanoparticle Harvesting of Plasma or Urine for Detecting Low Abundance Proteins
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Hydrogel Nanoparticle Harvesting of Plasma or Urine for Detecting Low Abundance Proteins

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Mechanistic Insights Into Plasma-Activated Hydrogel: RONS Transport, Storage, and Bactericidal Synergy.

Jinkun Chen1, Weiji Yang1, Mingyan Zhang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre For Plasma Biomedicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, P. R. China.

Advanced Healthcare Materials
|February 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Plasma-activated hydrogels effectively store reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) for enhanced antimicrobial activity. This study reveals how RONS interact within hydrogels, improving bactericidal efficacy against drug-resistant microbes.

Keywords:
ammoniumbactericidal activityplasma‐activated hydrogelreactive species

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Plasma Physics
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Drug-resistant microbial infections present significant global health challenges.
  • Cold atmospheric pressure plasma generates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) with antimicrobial properties.
  • Plasma-activated hydrogels (PAHs) offer a promising platform for sustained RONS delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanisms of RONS loading, storage, and interactions within hydrogels.
  • To establish a diffusion-reaction model for RONS penetration.
  • To understand the synergistic effects of RONS and released ions for enhanced antimicrobial activity.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a diffusion-reaction model to describe RONS transport in hydrogels.
  • Utilizing vacuum freeze-drying for RONS incorporation and storage in PAHs.
  • Investigating RONS-induced ion release (NH4+) and its impact on bactericidal efficacy.

Main Results:

  • RONS loading involves interfacial dissolution and matrix penetration, governed by diffusion and reaction.
  • Vacuum freeze-dried PAHs effectively store RONS, regenerating them upon rehydration.
  • Synergistic interaction between RONS and NH4+ significantly boosts the bactericidal efficacy of PAHs.

Conclusions:

  • Elucidation of fundamental mechanisms for RONS loading and storage in hydrogels.
  • Demonstration of enhanced antimicrobial activity through RONS and ion synergy.
  • Provides a mechanistic basis for designing advanced plasma-activated antimicrobial materials.