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    Microbial growth limitations can be inferred from population spreading dynamics. Nutrient depletion is the likely cause of observed expansion slowdowns, offering insights into microbial community behavior.

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    Area of Science:

    • Microbial Ecology
    • Theoretical Biology
    • Biophysics

    Background:

    • Microbial communities initially spread exponentially.
    • Proliferation is eventually limited by factors like nutrient depletion or mechanical constraints.
    • Understanding these limitations is key to predicting microbial community dynamics.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To determine if dominant microbial growth limitations can be inferred from population spreading dynamics.
    • To differentiate between growth arrest, pressure, and nutrient limitations.
    • To connect cell-level growth constraints to population-level behaviors.

    Main Methods:

    • Theoretical exploration using a continuum active fluid model.
    • Analysis of three distinct proliferation limitations: intrinsic growth arrest, pressure, and nutrient access.
    • Mathematical modeling and computational simulations.

    Main Results:

    • Intrinsic growth arrest leads to reduced superlinear spreading.
    • Pressure-limited growth results in linear, constant-speed spreading.
    • Nutrient-limited growth exhibits a phase transition, causing either superlinear or sublinear spreading depending on nutrient supply and conversion efficiency.

    Conclusions:

    • Observed expansion slowdowns in microbial communities are likely caused by nutrient depletion.
    • The study provides a methodology to infer cell-level growth limitations from population dynamics.
    • This work bridges the gap between individual cell behavior and collective community-level phenomena.