Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

1.6K
Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
1.6K
Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

33.0K
Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.
33.0K
Cell Diversity01:13

Cell Diversity

5.1K
The concept of a cell started with microscopic observations of dead cork tissue by Robert Hooke in 1665. Hooke coined the term "cell" based on the resemblance of the small subdivisions in the cork to the rooms that monks inhabited, called cells. About ten years later, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek became the first person to observe the living and moving cells under a microscope. In the century that followed, the theory that cells represented the basic unit of life developed.
Multicellular...
5.1K
Region of Convergence01:17

Region of Convergence

952
The z-transform is a powerful mathematical tool used in the analysis of discrete-time signals and systems. It is a crucial tool in the analysis of discrete-time systems, but its convergence is limited to specific values of the complex variable z. This range of values, known as the Region of Convergence (ROC), is fundamental in determining the behavior and stability of a system or signal. The ROC defines the region in the complex plane where the z-transform converges, which can take various...
952
Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

8.0K
The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
8.0K
Convergence of Fourier Series01:21

Convergence of Fourier Series

426
The Fourier series is a powerful mathematical tool for representing periodic signals as an infinite sum of complex exponentials. In practice, this infinite series is truncated to a finite number of terms, yielding a partial sum. This truncation makes the approximation of the signal feasible but introduces certain challenges, particularly near discontinuities, known as the Gibbs phenomenon.
The Gibbs phenomenon refers to the persistent oscillations and overshoots that occur near discontinuities...
426

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Humans and rhesus macaques share maturation pathways of HIV-1 envelope-reactive V3-glycan bnAb lineages.

Science translational medicine·2026
Same author

Enhanced B cell priming induces broadly neutralizing HIV-1 apex antibodies.

Nature·2026
Same author

Epigenetic landscape of synthetic human centromere core regions: CENP-A assembly and euchromatic modifications interdependently antagonize heterochromatin accumulation.

Nucleic acids research·2026
Same author

Mechanistic and antigenic boundaries of Henipavirus and Parahenipavirus glycoproteins.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Surgeon's-View Camera for Intraoral and Deep Craniofacial Surgery: A Refined Technique for Enhanced Visualization.

The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association·2026
Same author

Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model to Predict Drug-Drug Interactions With the Antibody-Drug Conjugate Trastuzumab Deruxtecan.

CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Analysis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-specific CD8+ T-cells in Rhesus Macaques by Peptide-MHC-I Tetramer Staining
06:25

Analysis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-specific CD8+ T-cells in Rhesus Macaques by Peptide-MHC-I Tetramer Staining

Published on: December 23, 2016

9.6K

Functional Convergence of Genetically Diverse B-Cell Receptors in Simian-HIV Infected Rhesus Macaques.

Shengli Song1,2,3, Hui Li4, Chen-Hao Yeh1,5

  • 1Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|February 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

HIV vaccine strategies aim for broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) responses. This study shows functional antibody responses can converge despite diverse B-cell receptor genetics, challenging the need for specific germline targeting.

Keywords:
B-cell receptor sequencingHIVbroadly neutralizing antibodyepitope-focused vaccine designgerminal centergermline-targetingimmunogen designindividualized germline databasesingle B-cell culturevaccine

More Related Videos

Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques
13:13

Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

Published on: September 25, 2018

11.1K
Gene Editing of Primary Rhesus Macaque B Cells
09:53

Gene Editing of Primary Rhesus Macaque B Cells

Published on: February 10, 2023

3.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 7, 2026

Analysis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-specific CD8+ T-cells in Rhesus Macaques by Peptide-MHC-I Tetramer Staining
06:25

Analysis of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-specific CD8+ T-cells in Rhesus Macaques by Peptide-MHC-I Tetramer Staining

Published on: December 23, 2016

9.6K
Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques
13:13

Single-cell Quantitation of mRNA and Surface Protein Expression in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-infected CD4+ T Cells Isolated from Rhesus macaques

Published on: September 25, 2018

11.1K
Gene Editing of Primary Rhesus Macaque B Cells
09:53

Gene Editing of Primary Rhesus Macaque B Cells

Published on: February 10, 2023

3.0K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Current HIV vaccine strategies, including germline-targeting and lineage-design, aim to elicit broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) responses.
  • These approaches assume similar genetic precursors in diverse individuals, but outcomes vary across bnAb epitopes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether functional convergence of Env-reactive antibody responses necessitates genetic convergence of B-cell receptors (BCRs).
  • To explore the genetic diversity of BCRs underlying antibody responses in a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection model.

Main Methods:

  • Profiling of antigen-unbiased Env-reactive B-cell populations in rhesus macaques.
  • Systematic analysis of antibody function and B-cell receptor (BCR) genetics following SIV infection.

Main Results:

  • Global Env-reactive B-cell response profiles and antibody functional properties were similar across individuals.
  • Significant diversity was observed in the underlying BCR genetics, especially for non-bnAbs.
  • Functional convergence of antibody responses can occur independently of genetic convergence.

Conclusions:

  • Specific germline targeting may not be an absolute prerequisite for successful HIV vaccine design.
  • An epitope-focused framework, engineering bnAb epitopes for enhanced immunogenicity, is supported.
  • Findings have potential applicability to vaccines for other challenging pathogens.