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Related Concept Videos

Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

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Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Ammonia Concentration-Directed Preferential Growth Enhancing Lithium-Ion Diffusion in Li-Rich Mn-Based Oxide

Tong Zhang1,2, Shuling Liu1, Haofei Yang2,3

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry & Technology, Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|February 6, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing ammonia concentration during synthesis directs the structure of lithium-rich manganese-based oxide (LRMO) precursors. This control enhances LRMO cathode performance, improving Li+ diffusion, capacity, and stability.

Keywords:
Li+ diffusionLi‐rich Mn‐based oxideammonia concentrationco‐precipitationpreferential growth

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Lithium-rich manganese-based oxides (LRMO) are promising cathode materials for advanced batteries.
  • Controlling precursor structure is crucial for optimizing LRMO electrochemical performance.
  • Ammonia concentration is identified as a key factor in precursor synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of ammonia concentration on LRMO precursor structure and morphology.
  • To understand how precursor characteristics affect the final LRMO material's properties.
  • To establish a synthesis strategy for enhanced LRMO cathode performance.

Main Methods:

  • Coprecipitation synthesis of LRMO precursors at varying ammonia concentrations.
  • Structural and morphological characterization of precursors and final LRMO materials.
  • Electrochemical performance testing (capacity, rate capability, cycling stability).

Main Results:

  • Ammonia concentration significantly impacts crystallite growth and particle agglomeration.
  • Optimized ammonia concentration leads to preferential (012) crystallographic growth in Mn$_{0.675}$Co$_{0.1625}$Ni$_{0.1625}$CO$_{3}$ precursors.
  • The resulting LRMO material shows enhanced Li+ diffusion, higher capacity, better rate performance, and improved cycling stability.

Conclusions:

  • Ammonia concentration is a critical "structure-directing factor" in LRMO precursor synthesis.
  • Precise control over precursor crystallization and microstructure enhances LRMO electrochemical properties.
  • This study provides mechanistic insights and a practical strategy for developing high-performance LRMO cathodes.