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Prenatal PFAS exposure and childhood respiratory allergic diseases: Findings from Shanghai Birth cohort Consortium

Yabin Hu1, Qian Chen2, Jianya Xi3

  • 1Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Environment International
|February 6, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Prenatal exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) increases the risk of childhood respiratory allergic diseases (RAD). Higher PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy exacerbates this risk, particularly for allergic rhinitis.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Pediatric Allergy
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are environmental contaminants linked to health risks, especially in pregnant women and children.
  • Limited evidence exists on prenatal PFAS exposure and childhood respiratory allergic diseases (RAD), and the modifying role of prenatal particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between prenatal PFAS exposure and childhood RAD risk.
  • To determine if prenatal PM2.5 exposure modifies the PFAS-RAD relationship.

Main Methods:

  • A population-based prospective cohort study involving 4,166 mother-child pairs.
  • RAD diagnoses (asthma, allergic rhinitis) in children under 8 years were collected.
  • Maternal blood samples were analyzed for seven PFAS using LC/MS/MS; generalized linear regression models were employed.

Main Results:

  • 1,003 (23.9%) children were diagnosed with RAD.
  • Increased PFOA and the sum of carboxylate PFAS (∑PFCAs) were associated with higher RAD risk.
  • Prenatal PM2.5 exposure appeared to amplify PFAS effects, with a significant interaction for PFOA and allergic rhinitis.

Conclusions:

  • Prenatal exposure to PFAS (individual and mixture) is linked to increased childhood RAD, especially allergic rhinitis.
  • Children exposed to higher prenatal PM2.5 levels are more susceptible to PFAS-induced RAD.
  • Reducing prenatal PFAS and PM2.5 exposure could mitigate the public health burden of childhood RAD.
Abstract

Keywords:
Allergic rhinitisAsthmaChildhoodPM(2.5)Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substancesRespiratory allergic disease

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