Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bioavailability: Overview01:17

Bioavailability: Overview

452
Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation in its active, unaltered form. It is a crucial pharmacokinetic parameter that determines the effectiveness of a drug in achieving its intended therapeutic outcomes. The route of administration significantly influences bioavailability, with intravenous administration achieving 100% bioavailability as the drug directly enters the bloodstream. In contrast, oral administration often results in...
452
Bioavailability: Overview01:13

Bioavailability: Overview

4.5K
Bioavailability refers to the proportion of an unaltered drug that, after administration, enters the systemic circulation and can be distributed to the desired action site. Factors such as gastrointestinal (GI) absorption and liver biotransformation influence the bioavailability of a drug when it is administered orally. When a drug is administered intravenously, it enters the systemic circulation directly; by definition, its bioavailability is assumed to be 100%. The bioavailability of an...
4.5K
Bioavailability Study Design: Absolute Versus Relative Bioavailability01:27

Bioavailability Study Design: Absolute Versus Relative Bioavailability

365
Bioavailability is a crucial pharmacokinetic parameter that quantifies the proportion of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation and is available for therapeutic action. Regulatory agencies mandate the assessment of bioavailability, typically measured as the area under the drug plasma concentration-versus-time curve (AUC), to ensure the efficacy and safety of pharmaceutical products. These evaluations are categorized as absolute and relative bioavailability studies.Absolute...
365
Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

87.5K
Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
87.5K
Bioavailability Enhancement: Determination and Conceptual Approaches in Overcoming Bioavailability Problems01:22

Bioavailability Enhancement: Determination and Conceptual Approaches in Overcoming Bioavailability Problems

212
Body:Bioavailability is a critical pharmacological concept that measures the extent and rate at which an active drug ingredient or therapeutic moiety enters the systemic circulation, remaining unchanged. It's a pivotal factor in determining a drug's efficacy and safety.The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) plays an essential role in drug development by categorizing drugs into four classes based on their solubility and permeability. This classification aids in understanding drug...
212
Bioavailability: Influencing Factors01:22

Bioavailability: Influencing Factors

400
Bioavailability refers to the extent and rate at which a drug reaches systemic circulation in its active form. Extent refers to the amount of the drug that makes it into circulation, while rate is the speed at which it enters circulation. It is influenced by several factors critical for optimizing drug formulations, dosing regimens, and therapeutic outcomes.Physicochemical properties of drugs and formulationsThe solubility, stability, and dissolution rate of a drug significantly impact its...
400

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Auxin-Mediated Aerenchyma Formation Drives Selenium-Induced Rhizosphere Iron Barrier Strengthening to Restrict Toxic Element Uptake by Rice.

Environmental science & technology·2026
Same author

Enhancing Wheat Grain Safety via Chelated Iron Fertilizer-Induced Iron Turnover and Cadmium Immobilization in Alkaline Soils.

Environmental science & technology·2026
Same author

Cultivation enhances warming sensitivity of redox-driven carbon pulses in black soils: The overlooked role of anaerobic legacy effects.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Phytogenic Self-Conducting Flash Joule Heating Converts Rare-Earth Hyperaccumulator Biomass into Graphene Composites with Minimized Life-Cycle Impacts.

Environmental science & technology·2026
Same author

Luxury at a Cost: Portable XRF-Based Bioaccessible Chromium in Sweat Predicts Dermal Exposure Risk to Chromate in Leather Products.

Environmental science & technology·2026
Same author

PFAS immobilization with soil amendments - How immobilized is immobilized?

Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)·2026
Same journal

Discovery of Novel Pyrazole-Benzothiazine Hybrids as Potential HPPD Inhibitors.

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry·2026
Same journal

Structural Regulation of Lignin Using an Al<sup>3+</sup>/Zn<sup>2+</sup> Bimetallic Lewis Acid System to Enhance Enzymatic Saccharification.

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry·2026
Same journal

Comparative NMR-Based Metabolomic and Functional Assessment of Fruit and Vegetable Extracts under Regenerative Agricultural Practices.

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry·2026
Same journal

Fenoxaprop-<i>P</i>-ethyl Disrupts Lipid Homeostasis in Rice Seedlings: A Multiomics Study Linking the Inhibition of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase with a Coordinated Repression of Fatty Acid Elongation Processes.

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry·2026
Same journal

Exploiting Biomacromolecular Oligomerization for Next-Generation Pesticide Discovery: Challenges and Perspectives.

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry·2026
Same journal

Design, Synthesis, and Insecticidal Potential of 1,2,4-Oxadiazole-Fused Isoxazoline Derivatives as GABA Receptor Antagonists.

Journal of agricultural and food chemistry·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 8, 2026

An Anaerobic Biosensor Assay for the Detection of Mercury and Cadmium
09:33

An Anaerobic Biosensor Assay for the Detection of Mercury and Cadmium

Published on: December 17, 2018

10.8K

Different Cadmium Bioavailability from Wheat and Rice Dictates Toxicity via Distinct Intestinal Pathways in Mice.

Rong-Yue Xue1, Lu Zhou1, Hong-Bo Li1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Green Resource Recycling, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Vehicle Emissions Control, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
|February 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Wheat-based diets significantly reduce cadmium accumulation in mice compared to rice. This is due to lower nutrient transporter expression and improved gut health, lowering cadmium

Keywords:
bile acid metabolismfecal Cd excretionfood safetygut microbiotaintestinal integrityintestinal metal transportersmouse liver and kidney

More Related Videos

Determination of the Absorption, Translocation, and Distribution of Imidacloprid in Wheat
06:11

Determination of the Absorption, Translocation, and Distribution of Imidacloprid in Wheat

Published on: April 28, 2023

2.4K
Precision Induction and Distinction of Coughing and Sneezing Reflexes in Mice
09:30

Precision Induction and Distinction of Coughing and Sneezing Reflexes in Mice

Published on: October 3, 2025

1.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 8, 2026

An Anaerobic Biosensor Assay for the Detection of Mercury and Cadmium
09:33

An Anaerobic Biosensor Assay for the Detection of Mercury and Cadmium

Published on: December 17, 2018

10.8K
Determination of the Absorption, Translocation, and Distribution of Imidacloprid in Wheat
06:11

Determination of the Absorption, Translocation, and Distribution of Imidacloprid in Wheat

Published on: April 28, 2023

2.4K
Precision Induction and Distinction of Coughing and Sneezing Reflexes in Mice
09:30

Precision Induction and Distinction of Coughing and Sneezing Reflexes in Mice

Published on: October 3, 2025

1.3K

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Cadmium (Cd) contamination in rice and wheat poses public health risks.
  • Mechanisms of Cd bioavailability and toxicity differences between staple foods are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the mechanistic differences in cadmium bioavailability and toxicity between rice and wheat.
  • To compare Cd accumulation, intestinal transport, and gut microbiota effects in mice fed Cd-contaminated rice versus wheat.

Main Methods:

  • Mice were fed diets containing Cd-contaminated whole wheat or polished rice.
  • Cd accumulation in liver and kidneys was measured.
  • Expression of intestinal nutrient transporters was analyzed.
  • Gut microbiota composition and function (e.g., bile acid metabolism) were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Wheat-fed mice showed over 2-fold lower Cd accumulation in liver and kidneys compared to rice-fed mice.
  • Wheat's higher iron, calcium, and zinc content reduced intestinal transporter expression.
  • Wheat promoted the growth of *Lactobacillus reuteri*, enhancing intestinal integrity and Cd excretion.
  • Wheat upregulated bile acid metabolism, contributing to lower Cd bioavailability.

Conclusions:

  • Dietary wheat significantly reduces Cd bioavailability and health risks compared to rice.
  • Mechanisms include altered nutrient transporter expression and improved gut health via microbiota modulation.
  • Findings suggest wheat may be a safer staple food in Cd-contaminated areas.