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Related Concept Videos

Cell Size01:22

Cell Size

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Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (μm)and are considerably smaller than most eukaryotic cells. The smallest bacteria are 0.1 μm in diameter—about a thousand times smaller than eukaryotic cells, which typically range from 10-100 μm.
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Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
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Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...
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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 9, 2026

Utilization of Plasmonic and Photonic Crystal Nanostructures for Enhanced Micro- and Nanoparticle Manipulation
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Advanced Photoporation: Micro-Nanostructures for Size-Specific Highly Efficient Biomolecular Delivery.

Ashwini Surendra Shinde1, Gayathri R1,2, Nandhini Balasubramaniam1

  • 1Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|February 7, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Photoporation uses micro- and nanostructured materials for precise intracellular delivery of various biomolecules. This review organizes strategies by cargo size, offering a roadmap for developing efficient and safe photoporation platforms.

Keywords:
cell viabilityintracellular deliverylight‐matter interactionmicro‐nano structures materialsphotoporation/ optoporationtransfection efficiency

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Photoporation is a non-viral method for intracellular delivery.
  • There is a growing need for precise and minimally invasive delivery techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review photoporation as an intracellular delivery platform.
  • To emphasize the role of micro- and nanostructured materials in efficient biomolecular transport.
  • To introduce a novel size-centric organizational framework for photoporation strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic classification of photoporation strategies based on biomolecular cargo size (small molecules to bacteria).
  • Examination of laser-induced mechanisms for transient membrane permeabilization.
  • Highlighting critical material parameters influencing light-matter interactions and delivery efficiency.

Main Results:

  • Micro- and nanostructured materials enable efficient transport of diverse biomolecular sizes.
  • Material properties (composition, size, shape, charge, optical properties) are critical for delivery efficiency.
  • Comparative evaluation provides a framework for material selection and platform design.

Conclusions:

  • Photoporation offers a versatile platform for intracellular delivery.
  • Addressing challenges in precision, biocompatibility, scalability, and clinical translation is crucial.
  • This review provides a roadmap for developing safe, efficient, and size-adaptive photoporation platforms for research and therapeutics.