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The fNIRS Landscape of ADHD: Device Specifications, Neural Markers, and AI Classification
Tianxin Gao1, Zhao Wei1,2, Guangyao Liang1
1School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|February 8, 2026
Summary
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) offers a portable way to study brain activity in ADHD. This review highlights fNIRS
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Medical Imaging
- Psychiatry
Background:
- Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) diagnosis relies on behavioral observation, lacking objective biomarkers.
- Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) is an emerging neuroimaging technique suitable for studying brain function in dynamic conditions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review the application and potential of fNIRS in ADHD research.
- To consolidate fNIRS device specifications, neural markers, and AI applications in ADHD studies.
- To evaluate fNIRS' role in monitoring treatment response for ADHD.
Main Methods:
- Systematic review of 69 studies published between 2019 and 2025.
- Analysis of fNIRS device specifications used in ADHD research.
- Consolidation of neural markers (e.g., hemodynamic response, functional connectivity, graph theory) and AI algorithms.
Main Results:
- fNIRS enables robust measurement of cortical hemodynamic activity during cognitive tasks.
- Various neural markers and AI algorithms show high diagnostic accuracy for ADHD.
- fNIRS objectively monitors treatment response by detecting normalization of prefrontal cortex activity and modulation of posterior activation.
Conclusions:
- fNIRS shows significant potential as a tool for objective ADHD assessment and treatment monitoring.
- Future research should focus on wearable fNIRS, multimodal AI integration, and standardized protocols for personalized ADHD diagnostics and therapeutics.
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