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Related Concept Videos

Fruit Development, Structure, and Function01:58

Fruit Development, Structure, and Function

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Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to form fruit. In some fruits, such as soybeans, the ovary wall dries; in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy. In some cases, organs other than the ovary contribute to fruit formation; such fruits are called accessory fruits.
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Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
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A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
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The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.
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Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Development of a Mobile Mitochondrial Physiology Laboratory for Measuring Mitochondrial Energetics in the Field
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Development of a Mobile Mitochondrial Physiology Laboratory for Measuring Mitochondrial Energetics in the Field

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Implications of mitochondrial function in embryonic development.

Jing Wang1,2, Jing Zhou3, Yanying Wang4

  • 1Laboratory of Reproduction Immunology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-related Diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.

Bioscience Trends
|February 8, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria are vital for embryonic development, influencing fertilization, growth, and metabolite synthesis. Understanding their function and genetics is key to preventing developmental issues and related diseases.

Keywords:
embryonic developmentmetabolismmitochondriamtDNA

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Mitochondria are essential organelles involved in cellular energy production (ATP synthesis).
  • Their functions extend beyond energy, encompassing metabolite synthesis, cell signaling, and organelle interactions.
  • Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) also plays a critical role in embryonic development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted roles of mitochondria in embryonic development.
  • To discuss the impact of mitochondrial technologies on understanding these processes.
  • To highlight the significance of mitochondrial genetics and function for offspring health.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of mitochondrial functions in embryogenesis.
  • Analysis of advances in sequencing and experimental techniques.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on mitochondrial roles and technologies.

Main Results:

  • Mitochondrial dysfunction can cause fertilization failure, poor embryo development, and post-implantation defects.
  • Mitochondria are crucial for key developmental stages like fertilization and implantation.
  • Mitochondrial genetics and function significantly impact embryonic health and disease.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondria are indispensable for successful embryonic development.
  • Technological advancements enhance our understanding of mitochondrial roles.
  • Further research into mitochondrial characteristics is vital for improving developmental outcomes and health.