[Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Mining Soils and Analysis of Influencing Factors]

Heavy metal pollution in metal mining areas has emerged as a critical global environmental issue， posing a substantial threat to ecosystems and human health. This study， based on heavy metal data from mining soils in China collected between 2008 and 2022， uses methods such as the geo-accumulation index （I_geo）， Monte Carlo simulation （MCS）， and redundancy analysis （RDA） to quantitatively analyze the pollution characteristics， probabilistic health risks estimation， and influencing factors of heavy metals. The mean concentrations of Cd， Hg， Pb， As， Zn， Cu， Ni， and Cr in the soil reached 8.90， 13.41， 629.21， 135.45， 1 142.88， 215.08， 57.38， and 91.96 mg·kg^-1， respectively， significantly exceeding regional background levels. I_geo assessments identified Cd， Hg， and Pb as the most severe pollutants， with 42%， 26.76%， and 19.1% of the samples classified as heavily to extremely polluted. Pollution was concentrated primarily in southern mining areas， with levels decreasing gradually from the southwest to the northeast. Health risk assessments （HRA） revealed that Cd， Hg， Pb， and As posed disproportionately higher risks to children compared to adults， with both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks significantly elevated. MCSs estimated the probability of children exceeding the carcinogenic risk threshold 1E-4 at 83.66%， while for adult women and men， the probabilities were 37.74% and 31.76%， respectively. RDA highlighted economic activities and soil physicochemical properties （e.g.， pH， clay content， and cation exchange capacity） as the primary drivers of heavy metal distribution. These findings provide crucial quantitative evidence on the spatial distribution and health risks of heavy metal pollution in mining areas and support the development of targeted pollution control and health protection strategies.