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The Relationship Between Urinary Caffeine With Caffeine Metabolites and Wet Overactive Bladder: A Cross-Sectional
Junjie Ji1,2, Gongyue Liu1,2, Guoqing Chen1,2
1Department of Urology, School of Rehabilitation of Capital Medical University, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China.
Neurourology and Urodynamics
|February 9, 2026
Summary
Urinary caffeine and its metabolites are linked to a lower risk of overactive bladder (OAB), suggesting altered caffeine metabolism may influence OAB prevalence. This study analyzed NHANES data to explore this relationship.
Area of Science:
- Urology
- Metabolomics
- Public Health
Background:
- The association between urinary caffeine metabolites and wet overactive bladder (OAB) remains unclear.
- Investigating this relationship is crucial for understanding potential etiological factors of wet OAB.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine the association between urinary caffeine and its metabolites with wet OAB prevalence in the U.S. population.
- To explore the role of caffeine metabolism pathways in wet OAB risk.
Main Methods:
- Cross-sectional analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data (2009-2014).
- Inclusion of 3,395 participants with data on wet OAB, urinary caffeine/metabolites, and covariates.
- Application of weighted univariate, multivariate logistic regression, and restricted cubic spline analyses.
Main Results:
- Caffeine intake itself was not significantly associated with wet OAB.
- Increased levels of urinary caffeine, 1,7-dimethyluric acid, 1,3,7-trimethyluric acid, paraxanthine, and theobromine showed significant linear negative associations with wet OAB risk.
- Subgroup and sensitivity analyses confirmed the stability and significance of these findings.
Conclusions:
- No direct link was found between overall caffeine intake and wet OAB.
- Urinary levels of specific caffeine metabolites are inversely associated with wet OAB, suggesting a role for caffeine metabolic pathways.
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