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Related Concept Videos

Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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Strong Acid and Base Solutions03:22

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

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A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.
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Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions02:11

Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions

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This lesson defines the leveling effect in acidic and basic solutions and its role in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. It is essential to understand the competing nature of various species in a chemical system.
The Leveling Effect of a Solvent
A generic acid (HA) reacts with the generic base (B-) to yield the corresponding conjugate base (A-) and conjugate acid (HB):
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Solution Composition During Acid/Base Titrations01:17

Solution Composition During Acid/Base Titrations

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The titration of a weak acid with a strong base results in the formation of water and the conjugate base of the acid. For instance, titrating acetic acid with sodium hydroxide leads to the formation of water and sodium acetate. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate constitutes a buffer whose relative concentration at different stages of the titration is indicated by the α values, which represent percentages of the weak acid and its conjugate base.
The α0 and α1 values...
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Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Ideal Solutions02:24

Ideal Solutions

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According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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Robotics total knee arthroplasty: is an image-based the only solution?

Alessandro El Motassime1,2,3, Lorenzo Fulli1,2,3, Luca Andriollo1,2,4

  • 1Ortopedia e Traumatologia, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy.

Frontiers in Surgery
|February 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Imageless robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (TKA) offers comparable precision and outcomes to image-based systems. This approach reduces costs and radiation exposure, making it a safe and effective alternative for knee replacement surgery.

Keywords:
TKAarthroplastyimageless TKAkneerobot

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Medical Robotics

Background:

  • Robotic-assisted total knee arthroplasty (TKA) improves surgical precision.
  • Traditional robotic TKA uses preoperative imaging, increasing costs and radiation exposure.
  • Imageless robotic technology offers a cost-effective, radiation-free alternative.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and reliability of imageless robotic-assisted TKA.
  • To compare imageless robotic TKA with manual and image-based techniques.
  • To assess accuracy, functional outcomes, and advantages of imageless systems.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative literature review.
  • Comparison of imageless robotic TKA with image-based and manual TKA.
  • Analysis of alignment precision, joint line restoration, patient outcomes, and complications.

Main Results:

  • Imageless robotic TKA shows comparable alignment accuracy and functional outcomes to image-based systems.
  • Workflow efficiency is enhanced, and radiation exposure is eliminated.
  • No significant differences in patient satisfaction or clinical performance were observed, despite a moderate learning curve.

Conclusions:

  • Imageless robotic-assisted TKA is a safe and effective alternative to image-based systems.
  • It provides comparable surgical precision with economic and practical benefits.
  • Further research is needed for long-term outcomes and intraoperative guidance optimization.