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Sex differences in cognitive function among patients with bipolar disorder.
Zhonggang Wang1, Gong Zhang1, Haining Song1,2
1Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Daizhuang Hospital, Jining, Shandong, China.
Frontiers in Public Health
|February 9, 2026
Summary
Sex significantly impacts cognitive function in bipolar disorder (BD). Male BD patients show more attention and cognitive transfer deficits, while females experience greater memory impairment.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Psychiatry
- Cognitive Psychology
Background:
- Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental illness with high recurrence and cognitive deficits.
- Sex differences influence BD clinical characteristics, but their impact on cognition is unclear.
- Understanding sex-specific cognitive profiles in BD is crucial for targeted interventions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the role of sex in shaping cognitive profiles in a large sample of first-diagnosed bipolar disorder patients.
- To compare cognitive performance between male and female BD patients and healthy controls.
Main Methods:
- A cohort of 243 individuals (168 with first-diagnosed BD, 75 healthy controls) was studied.
- Cognitive functions were assessed using the Continuous Performance Test (CPT), Digital Span Test (DST), and Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST).
- Performance was compared across groups (BD vs. controls) and sexes (male vs. female).
Main Results:
- Significant group effects were observed on CPT, DST, and WCST.
- Significant group and sex effects were found for total administered (TA) and non-perseverative errors (NPE) on WCST (p<0.05).
- Male BD patients exhibited higher TA and NPE scores than female BD patients. Hospital admission frequency negatively correlated with attention scores.
Conclusions:
- Both male and female BD patients display cognitive impairments.
- Sex plays a significant role in cognitive function among first-diagnosed BD patients.
- Male patients may have greater deficits in attention and cognitive transfer, while females may be more prone to memory impairments.
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