Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

23.0K
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
23.0K
tRNA Activation02:26

tRNA Activation

8.6K
8.6K
Requirements for Human Life01:26

Requirements for Human Life

14.0K
The Earth and its atmosphere have provided humans with air, water, and food, but these are not the only requirements for survival. Humans also require a specific range of temperature and pressure that the Earth and its atmosphere provides.
Oxygen
Atmospheric air is only about 20 percent oxygen, but that oxygen is a key component of the chemical reactions that keep the body alive, including the reactions that produce ATP. Brain cells are susceptible to a lack of oxygen because they require a...
14.0K
Proteins: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:28

Proteins: Dietary Sources and Requirements

1.8K
Consuming animal-based products offers high-quality proteins that contain optimal levels and combinations of essential amino acids, crucial for tissue repair and growth. Foods like eggs, milk, fish, and most meats are a source of complete proteins. Legumes and cereals are abundant in proteins; however, they typically lack a full range of essential amino acids. As a result, they are considered incomplete protein sources. Some plant sources like soybeans, quinoa, and amaranth do contain complete...
1.8K
Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns01:29

Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns

1.5K
Microorganisms exhibit diverse oxygen requirements and growth patterns driven by their metabolic strategies and environmental adaptations. Oxygen, while essential for many organisms, can also be toxic under certain conditions, shaping how microorganisms grow and survive.Oxygen Requirements of MicroorganismsMicroorganisms are classified based on their ability to use or tolerate oxygen:● Obligate aerobes like Mycobacterium tuberculosis need oxygen for energy production, as it serves as the...
1.5K
Carbohydrates: Dietary Sources and Requirements01:15

Carbohydrates: Dietary Sources and Requirements

1.8K
Carbohydrates are predominantly obtained from plant sources. With the exception of lactose found in milk and insignificant glycogen amounts in meat, most consumed carbohydrates have plant origins. Monosaccharides and disaccharides, or sugars, can be sourced from fruits, honey, milk, sugar cane, and sugar beets. Grains and vegetables are rich in the polysaccharide starch. Two types of polysaccharides provide fiber: cellulose, which is abundant in many vegetables, forms undigestible roughage or...
1.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Clinical Characteristics, Risk Factors, and Predictors of Fatal Outcomes and Prolonged Hospitalization of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Cases in Basrah, Iraq.

Infectious disease reports·2026
Same author

Site-1 protease mediated GPC processing is required for persistence of LCMV Clone 13.

Npj viruses·2026
Same author

Prolyl tRNA Synthetase Is Required for Mammarenavirus Multiplication.

Viruses·2026
Same author

Screening of the Pandemic Response Box Library Identified CRM1/XPO1 as an Anti-Mammarenavirus Druggable Target.

Viruses·2026
Same author

Integrated phenotypic screening and chemical proteomics identifies ETF1 ligands that modulate viral translation and replication.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Pandemic Response Box Screening Identified CRM1/XPO1 as an Anti-Mammarenavirus Druggable Target.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 10, 2026

Cell-Type Specific Protein Purification and Identification from Complex Tissues Using a Mutant Methionine tRNA Synthetase Mouse Line
07:39

Cell-Type Specific Protein Purification and Identification from Complex Tissues Using a Mutant Methionine tRNA Synthetase Mouse Line

Published on: April 13, 2022

3.4K

Prolyl tRNA Synthetase Is Required for Mammarenavirus Multiplication.

Haydar Witwit, Pablo Ibanez, Ruifeng Zhou

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |February 9, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Halofuginone (HF) effectively inhibits mammarenaviruses (MaAv), including Lassa virus and Junin virus, by targeting proline-tRNA synthetase activity. This antiviral shows promise for treating infections caused by these dangerous RNA viruses.

    More Related Videos

    In vitro tRNA Methylation Assay with the Entamoeba histolytica DNA and tRNA Methyltransferase Dnmt2 Ehmeth Enzyme
    12:36

    In vitro tRNA Methylation Assay with the Entamoeba histolytica DNA and tRNA Methyltransferase Dnmt2 Ehmeth Enzyme

    Published on: October 19, 2010

    14.8K
    An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity
    07:46

    An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

    Published on: October 8, 2018

    7.5K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Feb 10, 2026

    Cell-Type Specific Protein Purification and Identification from Complex Tissues Using a Mutant Methionine tRNA Synthetase Mouse Line
    07:39

    Cell-Type Specific Protein Purification and Identification from Complex Tissues Using a Mutant Methionine tRNA Synthetase Mouse Line

    Published on: April 13, 2022

    3.4K
    In vitro tRNA Methylation Assay with the Entamoeba histolytica DNA and tRNA Methyltransferase Dnmt2 Ehmeth Enzyme
    12:36

    In vitro tRNA Methylation Assay with the Entamoeba histolytica DNA and tRNA Methyltransferase Dnmt2 Ehmeth Enzyme

    Published on: October 19, 2010

    14.8K
    An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity
    07:46

    An In Vitro Assay to Detect tRNA-Isopentenyl Transferase Activity

    Published on: October 8, 2018

    7.5K

    Area of Science:

    • Virology
    • Molecular Biology
    • Drug Discovery

    Background:

    • Mammarenaviruses (MaAv), such as Lassa virus (LASV) and Junin virus (JUNV), cause severe human diseases and are significant public health concerns in endemic areas.
    • Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), another MaAv, is an underrecognized pathogen, particularly risky for immunocompromised individuals and in congenital infections.
    • There is a critical need for novel antivirals against pathogenic MaAv, as current treatments like ribavirin have limited and controversial efficacy, and no FDA-approved vaccines or antivirals exist.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the antiviral activity of Halofuginone (HF) against human pathogenic mammarenaviruses (MaAv).
    • To elucidate the mechanism of action of HF against MaAv, focusing on its interaction with host cell machinery.

    Main Methods:

    • Dose-dependent antiviral activity assays were performed for HF against LCMV, LASV, and JUNV.
    • The interaction of HF with the host enzyme glutamyl-prolyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (EPRS1) and its specific inhibition of prolyl-tRNA synthetase (PRS) activity were analyzed.
    • The effect of HF on viral replication, including cell entry, virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity, and Z protein budding, was assessed. The role of proline was examined by adding exogenous proline to rescue HF's antiviral effect.

    Main Results:

    • Halofuginone (HF) demonstrated potent, dose-dependent antiviral activity against LCMV, LASV, and JUNV.
    • HF inhibits the prolyl-tRNA synthetase (PRS) activity of the bifunctional enzyme EPRS1, leading to translation inhibition via amino acid starvation (AAS) response, particularly affecting proline-rich proteins.
    • The antiviral effect of HF against LCMV was reversed by exogenous proline, confirming the critical role of PRS inhibition.
    • HF did not impede LCMV cell entry but modestly reduced vRNP activity and strongly inhibited (>90%) Z protein budding, a process crucial for virus release.

    Conclusions:

    • Halofuginone (HF) is a potent antiviral agent against clinically significant mammarenaviruses (MaAv) by inhibiting host cell prolyl-tRNA synthetase (PRS) activity.
    • The mechanism involves amino acid starvation and preferential impact on proline-rich proteins, crucial for viral processes like Z budding.
    • HF represents a promising therapeutic candidate for treating infections caused by pathogenic MaAv, addressing a significant unmet medical need.