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Phase Transitions02:31

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions01:58

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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Induction of Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transitions in Sarcoma Cells
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Epithelial Reprogramming and Transition during Pulmonary Bioengineering.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study investigates how cell state transitions occur in engineered tissues. Researchers characterized novel epithelial cell states arising from cellular reprogramming, offering insights into tissue homeostasis and disease.

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Area of Science:

  • Tissue engineering
  • Cell biology
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Cell state transitions are crucial for tissue homeostasis and are implicated in lung physiology and disease.
  • The mechanisms governing the emergence and regulation of transitional cell states are not fully understood.
  • Engineered tissues provide a platform to study rare cellular states and manipulate cell transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore and characterize epithelial cell states that emerge during cellular reprogramming within a tissue engineering context.
  • To investigate the dynamics of cell state transitions in a controlled, in vitro environment.
  • To identify novel transitional cell populations and their potential roles in tissue development and repair.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized bioengineering approaches to construct engineered tissues.
  • Applied cellular reprogramming techniques to induce cell state transitions.
  • Characterized emergent epithelial cell states using advanced imaging and molecular analyses.

Main Results:

  • Identified and characterized distinct epithelial cell states arising from cellular reprogramming.
  • Demonstrated the ability to induce and study cell state transitions in engineered tissues.
  • Provided a detailed analysis of the cellular phenotypes and molecular profiles of these novel states.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered tissues are valuable models for studying cell state transitions and reprogramming.
  • The study reveals novel epithelial cell states relevant to understanding tissue homeostasis and disease.
  • Further research can leverage these findings to explore therapeutic strategies involving cell state modulation.