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In biological systems, most metabolic pathways are interconnected. The cellular respiration processes that convert glucose to ATP—such as glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle—tie into those that break down other organic compounds. As a result, various foods—from apples to cheese to guacamole—end up as ATP. In addition to carbohydrates, food also contains proteins and lipids—such as cholesterol and fats. All of these organic compounds are used...
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Evaluation of the Storage Stability of Extracellular Vesicles
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Kidney-Heart Crosstalk: The Extracellular Vesicles Connection.

Carmine Zoccali1,2,3, José Manuel Valdivielso4,5, Liffert Vogt6

  • 1Renal Research Institute, NY, USA.

Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
|February 9, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) link kidney disease to heart problems by spreading inflammation and damage. Research shows EVs can detect cardiovascular disease in kidney patients and may offer new treatments.

Keywords:
cardiovascular diseasechronic kidney diseaseextracellular vesicles

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Cardiology
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) significantly increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, with mortality largely driven by CVD.
  • Beyond traditional factors like hypertension and diabetes, CKD involves inflammation, oxidative stress, mineral imbalances, and uremic toxins, heightening cardiovascular vulnerability.
  • Altered extracellular vesicles (EVs) in CKD reflect metabolic and inflammatory states, contributing to cardiovascular pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how EVs mediate the link between kidney dysfunction and cardiovascular pathology.
  • To discuss the role of EVs as biomarkers for early CVD detection and risk stratification in CKD patients.
  • To explore the therapeutic potential of EVs in managing CKD-associated CVD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review synthesizing current knowledge on EV mechanisms in CKD-associated CVD.
  • Analysis of evidence on EV function in endothelial dysfunction, vascular calcification, inflammation, thrombosis, and cardiac remodeling.
  • Examination of preclinical data on stem cell-derived and engineered EVs for cardiac repair.

Main Results:

  • EVs transfer bioactive molecules (proteins, microRNAs), promoting endothelial dysfunction, vascular calcification, inflammation, thrombosis, and cardiac remodeling.
  • EVs show promise as biomarkers for early CVD detection and risk stratification in CKD.
  • Preclinical studies indicate therapeutic potential for stem cell-derived and engineered EVs in cardiac repair.

Conclusions:

  • EVs are key mediators connecting renal dysfunction to cardiovascular complications in CKD.
  • EVs hold significant potential as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for CKD-associated CVD.
  • Further research, including standardization and human trials, is crucial for clinical translation of EV-based therapies.