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Size-Segregated Incense Aerosols Drive ROS-Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Programmed Cell Death Across Human Cell

Yi-En Tseng1,2, Ming-Chu Teng1,2, Yu-Siou Huang1,2

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Incense burning releases ultrafine particles that cause cellular damage. The organic components of these fine particles are most toxic, leading to cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology
  • Aerosol Science

Background:

  • Incense burning is a significant indoor source of fine and ultrafine particulate matter (PM).
  • The specific properties of incense aerosols driving cellular toxicity are not well understood.
  • Understanding these determinants is crucial for assessing indoor air quality and health risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the size and chemical properties of incense aerosols.
  • To determine the cellular toxicity of different incense aerosol fractions and phases.
  • To identify the mechanisms underlying incense-induced cellular damage.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of aerosols from three incense types using Aerodynamics Particle Sizer (APS) and Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS).
  • Size segregation of aerosols using Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI).
  • Extraction of water-soluble (WP) and organic-phase (OP) components to create incense aerosol extracts (IAEs) for cellular assays.

Main Results:

  • Organic-phase IAEs from fine (<0.18 μm) and ultrafine (<0.10 μm) fractions showed the highest cytotoxicity and induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in A549, HEK293T, and SH-SY5Y cells.
  • Sandalwood-dominant incense (Type A) aerosols were the most potent.
  • Ultrafine OP-IAEs triggered elevated intracellular H2O2, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), ATP depletion, and activation of apoptosis, pyroptosis, and autophagy pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Ultrafine, lipophilic aerosol fractions from incense are key drivers of cellular toxicity, causing oxidative damage and programmed cell death.
  • This study provides a size- and phase-resolved understanding of incense aerosol risks.
  • Findings can guide mitigation strategies for indoor environments with high incense use.