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Conformity

Conformity

Conformity is the change in a person’s behavior to go along with the group, even if that person does not agree with the group.

Adhesion

Adhesion

Adhesion occurs when one type of molecule is attracted to a different molecule. Water exhibits adhesive properties in the presence of polar surfaces, such as glass or cellulose in plants. For instance, when water is poured into a glass, the positively charged hydrogen molecules of water are more attracted to the negatively charged oxygen molecules in the silica than to the oxygen in neighboring water molecules.
Capillary action is a result of water’s adhesive tendencies. When a narrow...

Conformations of Butane

Conformations of Butane

Unlike ethane and propane that have only two major conformations, butane has more than two conformers. The staggered form of butane in which the bulky methyl groups on the two carbons are placed on opposite sides, that is, at a dihedral angle of 180°, is the lowest energy, most stable form — called the anti conformer. This conformation is stabilized due to the absence of steric repulsion between the largely spaced out methyl groups. The other two staggered conformations are...

Conformations of Cycloalkanes

Conformations of Cycloalkanes

Adolf von Baeyer attempted to explain the instabilities of small and large cycloalkane rings using the concept of angle strain — the strain caused by the deviation of bond angles from the ideal 109.5° tetrahedral value for sp3 hybridized carbons. However, while cyclopropane and cyclobutane are strained, as expected from their highly compressed bond angles, cyclopentane is more strained than predicted, and cyclohexane is virtually strain-free. Hence, Baeyer’s theory that...

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Conformations of Cyclohexane

Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...

Conformations of Ethane and Propane

Conformations of Ethane and Propane

In an organic molecule, free rotation about the carbon-carbon single bond results in energetically different conformers of the molecule. Due to this rotation, called the internal rotation, ethane has two major conformations — staggered and eclipsed.
Staggered conformation is a low energy and more stable conformation with the C-H bonds on the front carbon placed at 60°dihedral angles relative to the C-H bonds on the back carbon, leading to a reduced torsional strain. In staggered...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 11, 2026

Wet Chemistry and Peptide Immobilization on Polytetrafluoroethylene for Improved Cell-adhesion

Wet Chemistry and Peptide Immobilization on Polytetrafluoroethylene for Improved Cell-adhesion

Published on: August 15, 2016

Zwitterionic polyurethane thin films enabling wet conformal adhesion to dynamic tissues.

Mengyao Zhong¹, Xingyu Liu², Xiuqiang Li¹

¹School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China. zhanghong@tju.edu.cn.

Materials Horizons

|February 10, 2026

Summary

New zwitterionic polyurethane (ZWPU) thin films achieve superior wet conformal adhesion on dynamic tissues. This breakthrough enhances implantable bioelectronics and biointerfaces by improving adhesion through hydration layers.

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Polymer Chemistry
Bioelectronics

Background:

Achieving conformal adhesion on dynamic, deformable tissues in vivo is a significant challenge for current epidermal electronics.
Conventional polymer thin films exhibit limitations in in vivo performance due to insufficient adhesion on wet biological surfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a novel material for enhanced conformal adhesion on dynamic biological tissues.
To investigate the properties and in vivo performance of zwitterionic polyurethane (ZWPU) thin films for bioelectronic applications.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of zwitterionic polyurethane (ZWPU) by grafting sultone onto polyurethane.
Fabrication of large-area ZWPU thin films (200-1200 nm thickness) using bar coating.
Evaluation of mechanical properties, antifouling capabilities, and in vivo adhesion on dynamic tissues.

Main Results:

ZWPU thin films exhibit high elasticity (elongation at break >500%) and excellent antifouling properties.
The zwitterionic groups promote a hydration layer, enabling synergistic "liquid bridge" and "molecular bridge" effects for enhanced wet tissue adhesion.
Demonstrated unprecedented conformal adhesion on edematous mouse brains and expanded rabbit lungs, sustaining up to 150% stretch without slippage or fracture.

Conclusions:

ZWPU thin films provide superior wet conformal adhesion to dynamic biological tissues.
The developed material shows significant promise for advanced implantable bioelectronics and biointerfaces.
The hydration layer mechanism offers a new strategy for improving bio-interfacial interactions.