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A Fast Bipedal Biohybrid Crawler Driven by Single Muscle Swinging.

Lin Gao1,2, Wenze Wu1,2, Wenyu Chen1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.

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|February 10, 2026
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Summary

Researchers developed a novel biohybrid robot using bullfrog muscle tissue. This innovative design achieves faster speeds and greater flexibility, overcoming limitations in current biohybrid robot technology.

Keywords:
biohybrid soft robotbipedal biomimeticcrawling robotmuscle swingrobot control method

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Robotics
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Biohybrid robots integrate biological and mechanical systems for applications in medicine and environmental monitoring.
  • Current limitations in biohybrid robots include low speed and restricted movement due to muscle performance constraints.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To overcome the speed and flexibility limitations of biohybrid robots.
  • To introduce a novel muscle contraction mode for enhanced biohybrid robot locomotion.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized triceps femoris muscle tissue from bullfrogs with a pennate fiber arrangement.
  • Applied square wave stimulation to induce a novel muscle swinging motion, differing from traditional longitudinal contraction.
  • Developed a biomimetic crawler actuated by the engineered muscle tissue.

Main Results:

  • The developed biohybrid crawler demonstrated a novel, flexible, and controllable muscle swinging mode.
  • Achieved significant forward movement speeds (average: ~6.19 mm/s, maximum: ~7.35 mm/s).
  • Exhibited flexible turning capabilities (left: ~14.77°/s, right: ~9.55°/s) in a liquid environment.

Conclusions:

  • The study presents a new method for actuating biohybrid robots using muscle tissue with enhanced performance.
  • The findings offer valuable insights for developing advanced soft robots capable of lifelike motion.
  • This research paves the way for overcoming conventional limitations in biohybrid robot applications.