Plant Phenotypic Plasticity: From Molecular Mechanisms to Breeding and Climate Change Adaptation

Phenotypic plasticity (PP) is a fundamental property of plants, enabling a single genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to environmental variation. This ability is crucial for survival and reproduction in heterogeneous habitats, allowing plants to optimize their physiology, development, and growth under changing conditions. Widespread natural genetic variation for plasticity enables selection to shape environmental responses. This review synthesizes the current knowledge on the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying PP in plants, highlighting its importance for crop breeding and for enhancing resilience to climate change. We discuss experimental approaches to quantify plasticity and identify its genetic basis and consider factors that may constrain the evolution of plasticity. We also explore how advances in the analysis of multisite field trials and genomic prediction have propelled the study of PP in agriculture. Ultimately, a deeper understanding and targeted use of PP hold promise for developing crop varieties that can maintain stable yields in increasingly variable environments.