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Partner Choice and Context-Dependent Sex Differences in Rat Rough-and-Tumble Play.

Jackson R Ham1, Sergio M Pellis1, Robert J McDonald1

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The European Journal of Neuroscience
|February 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Male rats prefer playing with females, while females show flexible partner choices. Sex differences in rough-and-tumble play (RTP) emerge based on social context, not just sex.

Keywords:
individual variationplay fightingrough‐and‐tumble playsex differencessocial behavior

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Area of Science:

  • Ethology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Rough-and-tumble play (RTP) is common in juvenile mammals.
  • In rats, RTP involves competing for nape access, influenced by sex and social context.
  • Previous dyadic tests limited understanding of partner choice in RTP.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate sex differences in partner preference and play frequency in Wistar rats.
  • Utilize a group play paradigm to allow partner selection.
  • Examine how social context affects play behavior and partner choice.

Main Methods:

  • Tested juvenile Wistar rats in mixed-sex and same-sex triads.
  • Measured playful nape attacks, defensive responses, and play distribution.
  • Observed partner preferences and play initiation rates.

Main Results:

  • Both male and female rats formed partner preferences.
  • Males showed sex-based preferences, targeting females more.
  • Females displayed flexible, individual preferences, not strictly sex-based.
  • Female play initiation decreased in mixed-sex groups but not in same-sex groups.

Conclusions:

  • Sex differences in rat RTP are context-dependent, appearing in mixed-sex but not same-sex groups.
  • Males exhibit sex-based partner preference, while females show flexible, idiosyncratic preferences.
  • Female play initiation is sensitive to social context, emphasizing group testing's importance.