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Carl Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist and former follower of Freud, eventually broke away from Freud's ideas to create his framework, analytical psychology. This approach emphasizes achieving a balance between the conscious and unconscious aspects of the mind and reconciling various experiences within an individual's personality. Jung believed that this process, which typically unfolds in the latter part of life, involves an ongoing journey of recognizing and incorporating unconscious...
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Investigating the existing analytical methods deployed for leptospirosis detection and diagnostics.

Embar Prasanna Kannan1, Prasanth Venkatachalam1, Judy Gopal1

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Leptospirosis is a growing threat, with increasing cases and deaths. This review highlights mass spectrometry and other methods for its early detection, crucial for treatment and One Health initiatives.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Leptospirosis morbidity and mortality are rising globally, posing significant public health risks.
  • Its zoonotic nature underscores the importance of the One Health framework for disease control.
  • Early and specific detection is critical for timely treatment and improved patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review conventional and molecular methods for Leptospirosis detection.
  • To specifically focus on and consolidate mass spectrometric techniques used for Leptospirosis diagnosis.
  • To identify limitations and achievements of current diagnostic sophistication.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on diagnostic methods for Leptospirosis.
  • Critical analysis of microscopic agglutination test (MAT), ELISA, PCR, LAMP, mass spectrometry (MS), and rapid diagnostic tests.
  • Consolidation of mass spectrometry applications in Leptospirosis detection.

Main Results:

  • Various diagnostic methods exist, each with limitations and strengths.
  • Mass spectrometry shows potential but is underutilized for Leptospirosis detection.
  • Current analytical expertise is not fully leveraged for effective disease diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • There is a need for rapid, simple, sensitive, and accurate early detection methods for Leptospirosis.
  • Further development and application of techniques like mass spectrometry are recommended.
  • Optimizing diagnostic strategies is essential to combat the increasing burden of Leptospirosis.