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Visual Illusions in Aviation: Simulating the Black Hole Phenomenon.
Arleen Aksay1, Brittney Hartle1, Robert S Allison1
1York University, Canada.
Human Factors
|February 11, 2026
Summary
A Transport Canada Level 2 Instrument Proficiency Check Flight Training Device effectively simulated the black hole illusion, a cause of spatial disorientation. Gender and spatial skills influenced susceptibility, highlighting the need for tailored aviation training.
Area of Science:
- Aviation Psychology
- Human Factors in Aviation
- Pilot Training and Simulation
Background:
- Spatial disorientation is a significant factor in aviation accidents.
- Current training lacks protocols for addressing visual illusions like the black hole illusion.
- Simulation offers a potential solution for training pilots on spatial disorientation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To assess a simulator's effectiveness in inducing the black hole illusion.
- To investigate the influence of gender on susceptibility to this illusion.
- To explore the role of spatial abilities in experiencing visual illusions during flight.
Main Methods:
- An ALSIM simulator was used to replicate an approach-and-land scenario.
- Trainee pilots flew in conditions with and without the black hole illusion (day vs. night).
- Altitude and glideslope errors were measured; spatial ability was assessed via a mental rotation test.
Main Results:
- Most pilots exhibited shallower approaches during nighttime (illusion) conditions.
- Lower mental rotation scores correlated with experiencing the illusion.
- Men showed higher spatial ability and fewer errors compared to women, irrespective of experience.
Conclusions:
- The study successfully reproduced the black hole illusion's effects in a cost-effective simulator.
- Gender and mental rotation skills are significant factors in black hole illusion disorientation.
- Simulated visual illusion training is feasible and should consider gender differences.
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