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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR01:59

CRISPR

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing01:28

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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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Ecological succession is influenced by the processes of facilitation, inhibition, and toleration. Facilitation occurs when early successional species create more favorable ecological conditions for subsequent species, such as enhanced nutrient, water, or light availability. In contrast, inhibition happens when early successional species create unfavorable ecological conditions for potential successive species, such as limiting resource availability. In some cases, later successional species...
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In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

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To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
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Bacterial Transformation

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In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.
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Updated: Feb 12, 2026

Protocols for CRISPR/Cas9 Mutagenesis of the Oriental Fruit Fly Bactrocera dorsalis
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First Successful Targeted Mutagenesis Using CRISPR/Cas9 in Stably Transformed Grain Amaranth Tissue.

Susanne K Vollmer1,2,3, Markus G Stetter2,3, Götz Hensel1,3

  • 1Centre for Plant Genome Engineering, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.

Plant Biotechnology Journal
|February 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Grain amaranth, a climate-resilient crop, can now be genetically improved using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. This study establishes protocols for targeted gene editing in amaranth, enabling faster crop development.

Keywords:
AmaranthBetalainCRISPR/CasCaryophyllalescallusmutagenesisorphan crop

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biotechnology
  • Crop Science
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) is a nutrient-dense, climate-resilient C4 dicot with significant agricultural potential.
  • Efficient protocols for stable transformation, regeneration, and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing are currently lacking for grain amaranth.
  • CRISPR/Cas genome editing accelerates the development of climate-resilient, high-yielding crops, but requires optimized species-specific protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish efficient and reproducible protocols for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing in grain amaranth.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of targeted mutagenesis in grain amaranth using the CasCADE modular cloning system.
  • To enable targeted molecular research and breeding for improved grain amaranth varieties.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the CasCADE modular cloning system for CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing.
  • Targeted key genes within the betalain biosynthesis pathway in grain amaranth.
  • Analyzed transformed calli for successful gene edits, including deletions and insertions.

Main Results:

  • Achieved successful CRISPR/Cas9-mediated edits in up to 49% of transformed grain amaranth calli.
  • Observed deletions or insertions in the targeted genes of the betalain biosynthesis pathway.
  • Demonstrated the feasibility of targeted mutagenesis in an orphan crop like grain amaranth.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing is a viable tool for genetic improvement in grain amaranth.
  • The established protocols pave the way for accelerated molecular research and breeding in this climate-resilient crop.
  • This work overcomes a critical constraint for the genetic improvement of grain amaranth.