Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 13, 2026

Leaf Area Index Estimation Using Three Distinct Methods in Pure Deciduous Stands
Published on: August 29, 2019
A novel goniometer method for representing perceived standing position in the anteroposterior direction
Souta Ohtsubo1,2, Hitoshi Asai1, Masafumi Kubota1
1Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate Course of Rehabilitation Science, School of Health Sciences, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 5-11-80, Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan.
Abstract:
This study evaluated the consistency of the 'Goniometer Method' for expressing standing positions in the anteroposterior direction (SPAP) using perceived body tilt angle. We defined the 'Expressed Body Tilt Angle' (perceived posture self-expressed using a goniometer) and the 'Actual Body Tilt Angle' (calculated from images). Regression analysis evaluated relationships between SPAP and the Expressed Body Tilt Angle, SPAP and the Actual Body Tilt Angle, and between the two angles. Coefficients of determination (R2) were calculated for pooled data and as median values for individuals. All relationships showed significant linear correlations, with median individualR2values exceeding pooledR2values. Analysis of covariance comparing subjects with the largest and smallest regression slopes revealed significant inter-individual differences. Pearson's correlation and pairedt-tests calculated vertical position and quiet standing position showed a significant correlation but no significant difference. No significant relationship was found between SPAP and the error between Expressed and Actual Body Tilt Angles. In summary, the goniometer method demonstrated a stable linear relationship between body tilt angle and SPAP, although individual variability exists. This relationship remains consistent across SPAP conditions.
Related Concept Videos
The Representativeness Heuristic
Velocity and Position by Integral Method
Consider an example to calculate the velocity and position from the acceleration function. A motorboat is traveling at a constant velocity of 5.0 m/s when it starts to decelerate to arrive at the dock. Its acceleration is...
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
Velocity and Position by Graphical Method
Standing Waves
Modes of Standing Waves - I

