Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 13, 2026

A Generalized Method for Determining Free Soluble Phenolic Acid Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Cereals and Legumes
Published on: June 10, 2022
Cocoa beans shell from brazilian Amazon and Atlantic forest: Phenolic compounds, methylxanthines, and antioxidant
Eduardo Lolato1, Lycio Shinji Watanabe2, Marta de Toledo Benassi1
1Food Science and Technology Department, State University of Londrina - UEL, Rod. Celso Garcia Cid (PR 445), Km 380, CEP: 86057-970, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
Abstract:
This study evaluated eleven cocoa bean shell (CBS) from the Amazon and Atlantic Forest to observe the influence of biome, variety, and cultivation on proximate composition, phenolic compounds, methylxanthines, and antioxidant capacity. Moisture, protein, lipids, ash, and fiber showed substantial variation among samples, with AM5 presenting the highest values for most components. Theobromine, caffeine, and catechin ranged from 14.26 to 21.18, 1.59-3.03, and 1.68-3.78 mg 100 g-1, respectively. Antioxidant capacity varied to 66.8-127.9 mg TE g-1 (ABTS), 34.5-66.9 mg TE g-1 (DPPH), and 25.2-752.3 mg TE g-1 (ORAC-FL). Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis indicated that the biome may significantly influence the biochemical composition. Overall, CBS from the Atlantic Forest exhibited higher levels of phenolic compounds, methylxanthines, and antioxidant capacity than Amazon. These findings highlight the importance of regional factors in CBS composition and support their strategic valorization in food and health-related applications.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Antiasthma Drugs: Methylxanthines
Theophylline is thought to inhibit phosphodiesterase enzymes, increasing intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). This rise in cAMP and cGMP concentrations stimulates cardiac function,...
Lung Capacity
Oxidation of Phenols to Quinones
o-hydroxy phenols are oxidized to o-quinones and p-hydroxy phenols to p-quinones. Such redox reactions involve the transfer of two electrons and two protons. The reversible redox...
Respiratory Capacities
One key metric is the Inspiratory Capacity (IC), which represents the maximum amount of air that can be inhaled with full effort. IC is calculated by summing the tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume, typically ranging from 2.4 to 3.6 liters.
The Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) represents the air in the...
Molecules and Compounds
Structure and Nomenclature of Alcohols and Phenols
Alcohols are one of the most important functional groups in organic chemistry. The name of alcohol comes from the hydrocarbon from which it is derived. Alcohols are organic molecules containing the functional hydroxyl or –OH group directly bonded to carbon. Phenols have an OH group directly attached to a benzene ring. While alcohols are colorless, phenol is a white crystalline compound with a characteristic "hospital smell" odor.
As with other organic compounds, alcohols and...

