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Exploring the link between acute symptom changes and repetitive head impacts in boxing sparring
Enora Le Flao1, Gunter P Siegmund2, Seth Lenetsky3
1School of Health & Rehabilitation Sciences, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, USA; Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand.
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
|February 11, 2026
Summary
Acute concussion symptoms after boxing sparring were subtle and rarely linked to head impact exposure. Individual-specific analysis revealed patterns not seen in group data, highlighting personalized approaches for concussion risk reduction.
Area of Science:
- Sports Medicine
- Neurology
- Biomechanics
Background:
- The relationship between head impact exposure and concussion development is not fully understood.
- Individual responses to head impacts vary, necessitating personalized research approaches.
- Cumulative effects of head impacts require further investigation in sports like boxing.
Purpose of the Study:
- To monitor acute changes in concussion symptoms following boxing sparring.
- To assess the relationship between head impact exposure and symptom development.
- To explore individual-specific responses to head trauma in athletes.
Main Methods:
- An observational cohort study involving seven competitive boxers.
- Concussion symptoms were assessed using the SCAT5 symptom scale pre- and post-sparring, and at 48 hours.
- Head impact data were collected using instrumented mouthguards, analyzing various exposure metrics.
Main Results:
- No significant differences in symptom scores were observed immediately before and after sparring.
- Symptom severity and number were significantly lower 48 hours post-sparring compared to pre-sparring.
- No strong association was found between session-specific head impact exposure and symptom changes, though time-weighted metrics showed better alignment.
Conclusions:
- Acute changes in concussion symptoms post-sparring are infrequent and mild, with an unclear link to head impact exposure.
- Individual-specific analyses identified athlete-specific patterns missed in group-level data.
- Understanding individual predispositions is crucial for developing effective concussion risk reduction strategies.
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